Developed Countries and Economically Developed Countries...

The developed country can be classified also as the advanced country, more developed country (MDC), and more economically developed country (MEDC). Developed country means the country that sovereign state and has a highly growth of economics and modern technological infrastructure compare to the developing country and least developed country. There are several previous studies that have been done on the relationship between inflation rate and unemployment rate in developed country such as by Hogan (United State), Sack’l en (Sweden) and Andrei (Romania). They are done the same research with different method to get same objective. The most of the study is use a VECM method in their research. While, there is a few of the study was used a VAR†¦show more content†¦In the research said that a contractionary monetary shocks will increased the unemployment rate. He was using the Standard dynamic models of price adjustment in the research. Sackl’en and Lundborg (2006), they conduct a research about relationship between inflation rate and unemployment rate to study the low-inflation targeting and long-run unemployment from years 1959 until 2000. They use an ADP model and the United State panel data to conduct this research. As a result when they apply U.S. data, their results strongly rejected the conventional NAIRU model. Berentsen A. et al (2011), they conduct a research using a United State panel data. Their objective to do this research is to study the relationship between monetary policy, as measured by inflation or nominal interest rates, and labor market performance, as measured by unemployment in long run. After conduct the research, they find out that unemployment is have a positively relation to inflation and interest rates in the low-frequency data. Then, they developed a theory in which both labor markets and goods markets are modeled using the search-and-bargaining approach. The framework is tractable and many results, at least for steady states, can be derived simply by shifting curves. Cashiel (2004) has done his research to examine about the relationship between inflation rate and unemployment rate in US. He uses the Phillip Curve model and Nairu model to get a result of hisShow MoreRelatedMore Economically Developed Countries and Less Economically Developed Countries926 Words   |  4 PagesComparison Between MEDC and LEDC The comparisons between MEDC- More Economically Developed Country and LEDC-Less Economically Developed Country are many and varied but are mainly related to finance which gives the MEDC a higher standard of living for its occupants than those of the LEDC. Geographically most MEDC are situated in the northern hemisphere were as the LEDC are mostly in the southern hemisphere. Most MEDC are well advanced or have completed their development period for exampleRead MoreDeveloping A Economically Developed Countries1649 Words   |  7 Pages†¢ More economically developed countries (MEDC) - Countries with sovereign states and that has a highly developed economy with advanced technological industries as compared to other countries. The Human Development index, standard of living as well as the Gross national product of these economies is on the upper level of every chart. According to the International Monetary Fund, advanced economies comprise 60.8% of global nominal GDP and 42.9% of global GDP (PPP) in 2014. COUNTRY KOF INDEX OF GLOBALIZATIONRead MoreCountries and their Level of Development: Least Economically Developed Countries756 Words   |  4 PagesCountries throughout the world differ in their level of development; they are classified within a range of the two extremes as either LEDC (Least Economically Developed Countries) or MEDC (More Economically Developed Countries). The Variety of economies, cultures and people make it impossible to use a single indicator of development. Geographers use diverse Development Indicators to compare regions against each other, such indicators include: LEDCs exhibit the lowest socioeconomic indicators andRead MoreThe Impact of Natural Disasters on Less Economically Developed Countries628 Words   |  3 PagesNatural disasters have a greater impact on less economically developed countries (LEDCs) than more developed countries (MEDCs). How far do you agree with this statement? Natural disasters have always disastrous effects. These could be economic, social and/or environmental. Infrastructure damage can severely obstruct economic activity; social effects can include homelessness, illness, loss of life, injury, and destruction of communities; and environmental damage can range from the tree felling toRead MoreNorth-South Divide1613 Words   |  7 PagesThe  North-South Divide  (or  Rich-Poor Divide[citation needed]) is a  socio-economic  and  political  division that exists between the wealthy  developed countries, known collectively as the North, and the poorer  developing countries  (least developed countries), or the South.[1]  Although most nations comprising the North are in fact located in the  Northern Hemisphere  (with the notable exceptions of  Australia  and  New Zealand), the divide is not wholly defined by  geography. The North is home to fourRead MoreImpact Of Globalization On The Economy Essay1626 Words   |  7 Pagesprocess of connecting economic activities of nations and regions to accommodate intercontinental trade. Goods and services can be easily moved across borders guided by international policies. International investors are encouraged to invest in other countries by either opening new businesses or branching out. Also, the importation and exportation of goods and services are allowed while job seekers can venture beyond their border for better employment. Sustainability is achieved when the needs of theRead MoreEmerging Economies : The Global Economic Growth1106 Words   |  5 Pagesa number of countries known as Emergent Market Economies (EMEs). These countries already account for a substantial amount of the world economic output and have been the major force behind the global economic growth in the last decade. The BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India and China), the largest contributors to this growth, represent a greater share of the economic growth than the G7 countries (Michaelson, 2010). Between 2001 and 2013 the economic output of non-developed countries doubled fromRead MoreThe Causes Of Poverty And Underdevelopment1563 Words   |  7 Pagesviews regarding the modern world, existing relationships and differences between the Third World and developing countries. The theories both have similarities and differences in their approaches to poverty and undeveloped countries. Solutions are suggested by both theories, giving diffe rent strategies to improve the gaps or connections between the developed and underdeveloped countries and societies. Wehler (1975:11) explains the concept of Modernisation to be the development from traditional toRead MoreGlobal Warming Is Responsible For The Climate Change860 Words   |  4 PagesFirst world countries contribute most to the problems of unsustainable development and thus they should be responsible for resolving the issues caused by such developments, particularly when they are still having an indirect impact in promoting unsustainable development and have resources required to counter these problems. Researchers have proved that more than the increasing rate of population in certain developing countries; it is the per-capita negative impact that First world countries are havingRead MoreDeveloped Country Vs. Developing Countries988 Words   |  4 PagesDeveloped Country vs. Developing Country Developed and developing are the titles that countries around the world are being labeled by based on the development of their economy and technological infrastructure. Although these countries may carry a likely similar name, they are however completely different in many ways. The two types countries usually differ in their environment, population, education , and living conditions. Most importantly, they obtain distinct economies, which makes them part

Identity Crisis in Canadian Film Essay - 5812 Words

Identity Crisis in Canadian Film Much has been written about the ways in which Canadas state as a nation is, as Peter Harcourt writes, described and hence, imagined (Harcourt, The Canadian Nation -- An Unfinished Text, 6) through the cultural products that it produces. Harcourts terms are justifiably elusive. The familiar concept of Canadian culture, and hence Canadian cinema, within critical terminology is essentially based on the principle that the ideology of a national identity, supposedly limited by such tangible parameters as lines on a map, emerges from a common geographical and mythological experience among its people. The concept that cultural products produced in Canada will be somehow innately Canadian in form†¦show more content†¦Suffice it to say that art and national identity are assumed to be interrelated in critical practice, and the principles by which this is normally assessed are at times troubling. Many of the problems inherent in criticism that locates the Canadian psyche in Canadian cinema have to do with the large scope of many investigations of the English Canadian cinema. Our criticism of national cinema or, more generally, cultural production is usually sandwiched between two dominant, yet opposing, approaches to text: Marshall McLuhans concept where the medium is the message on the one hand, and Margaret Atwoods thematic criticism, in her book Survival, on the other. Although both approaches are valid, they require vast investigations of Canadian cultural production in order to ascertain supposed commonalities. These distinctions or shared traits among Canadian cultural products are presumed to be ties that bind us culturally as a nation. By being broad in our investigations, however, we are merely reduced to reiterating plot summaries and making generalizations about films as they relate to history vis a vis an already established critical rhetoric. The tendency is ofte n not to analyse individual films extensively,Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Movie The Master Of Disguise 1589 Words   |  7 Pagespublished in Wired magazine in 2007. The movie is filmed upon the story of escape of six American diplomats, who were captured during the seizure of American embassy in Tehran, Iran in 1979. The whole project was named as Canadian Caper after the joint venture of rescue by the Canadian government and Central Intelligence Agency. Production: The ARGO movie project was based in 2007 by three producers named George Clooney, Grant Heslov and David Klawans. After that in 2011 Affleck also joined the productionRead MoreThe World War One Of The United States1692 Words   |  7 PagesThrough these times of hardship and glory Canada has succeeded in finding its autonomous identity in the world, as a â€Å"middle power†. Throughout the time periods of 1914-1945, 1950-1970, and 1971- 1990 Canada has been involved in many wars that have displayed its independence and strength as a country. The World War One battle of Vimy Ridge, in 1917, was the first grand victory of Canadian forces. The Canadian Corps, under Lieutenant-General Julian Byng, had trained and independently overcome theRead MoreThe Role Of Women During Post War Period1508 Words   |  7 PagesThe threat of nuclear warfare was the influencing factor in women having to become the homemakers. By being at home women were able to fulfill the health and welfare roles put upon them to keep their husbands and children safe, healthy and calm in a crisis. By having to be the savour in the family they have a lot more responsibilities, including having to take part in a neighbourhood watch, firefighting and nursing. Another role put on the women of the household was to maintain a clean house, whichRead MoreImpact Of Pierre Trudeau1321 Words   |  6 PagesVery few Canadians have made the same impacts on Canadian quality of life as Pierre Trudeau did as his time as a politician. During his time as a prime minister, he brought forth many changes that greatly improved the quality of all Canadians living in the country. He made the diverse population of Canada feel safe and included. Pierre trudeau has caused a significant increase on Canadians’ quality of life by helping introduce legislation such as the Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the OfficialRead MoreWere the 20s in Canada Really Roaring?1664 Words   |  7 Pageseconomic, social and political changes really made the 1920s in Canada â€Å"roar†. First of all, Canada was very roaring economically in the 20s because of strong economic growth and prosperity. With the introduction of the assembly line by Henry Ford, Canadian industries flourished. Manufacturing processes were a lot faster, because of the improved work flow and better distribution of labour. These drastically changes sharply improved the productivity in the manufacturing sector, thus companies were ableRead MoreConflict between Canada and the First Nations Essay1139 Words   |  5 Pagesand use of its bountiful resources. In order to make things fair, the Canadian government issues treaties, which were meant to initiate the regulations of the land and its resources whatever they may be, and to verify the rights, obligations, and ownership of the land; But sometimes these treaties are broken. A well-known example of aboriginal injustice happened in the year 1990 from July 11th – September 26th. The Oka Crisis, as it was called, was a 78 day confrontation o ver the Mohawk burial groundsRead More Dilemma of Immigrants in America Essay1391 Words   |  6 Pagesimmigrants nowadays. Because of her families religious tradition, Mukherjee is confined by her permanent identity in her own culture, â€Å"a Hindu Indian’s last name announced his or her forefathers’ caste and place of origin†¦a Mukherjee could only be Brahmin from Bengal†¦my identity was viscerally connected with ancestral soil and genealogy† (Mukherjee 1). From her attitude towards her identity, Mukherjee does not want to confine by the Hindu tradition. She is rebellious against her own culture evenRead MoreThe Child That Lives From Within1681 Words   |  7 Pagesthat Norman’s character reinforces. Despite the age of the theories and film, the question concerning if Norman Bates’ mental state is innate or a gradual creation provides an understanding of current coalitions between parent-child bonds and psychopathy. The accurate d epiction of how Norman is nurtured into being a killer shows viewers that although he is a fictional character, he represents psychopaths outside of the film world. To be familiar with the extent of vacant family relations emphasizesRead MoreThe Problem Of Living Without A Home972 Words   |  4 PagesLiving without a home is the result of many unfortunate circumstances coming together at one time. In other words, home is not only a physical space but a place that sometimes defines a person s identity. The lack of housing is sometimes an identity crisis for the homeless, which leads to more unnecessary misery. Homeless by definition is an individual that survives without a permanent shelter. They might be provided with temporary living like homeless shelters. However, these shelters are usuallyRead MoreThe Battle Of Vimy Ridge1927 Words   |  8 Pagesautonomous identity in the world, as a middle power. Throughout the time periods of 1914-1945, 1950-1970, and 1971- 1990 Canada was involved in many wars that displayed her independence and strength as a country. The World War One battle of Vimy Ridge, in 1917, was the first grand victory of Canadian forces. The Canadian Corps, under Lieutenant-General Julian Byng, independently overcame the Germans. It was clear that, â€Å"[the battle of Vimy Ridge] was a stunning victory. The Canadians had gained

My Life in Five Years Free Essays

My Life in Five Years Salvador Dali once said: â€Å"Do not fear perfection, you will never achieve it. † Of course, I don’t expect to find perfection during the next five years, but I do imagine a positive and brilliant future life. I am self-confident, composed, self-controlled, cheerful and full of energy, and even humble. We will write a custom essay sample on My Life in Five Years or any similar topic only for you Order Now I don’t waste time; I can define a goal and know how to reach it, and I never leave things half done. While I don’t claim to be able to predict where I will end up, there are a few things that I know for certain that I want to accomplish: I would like to improve my education and therefore career opportunities, where I can help solve other people’s problems, explore new places and meet new friends, and finally, build the house of my dreams and find someone in my life to share all that with. The family is the foundation of human society and my number one priority. It is very important that a man’s family provides understanding and gives him moral support. Before any professional or financial success, a man must achieve family success—only then can he achieve something in his life. Therefore, I would be most grateful if I found someone to share my life with and start a family. The experience and pleasure that travel provides is a very important thing for any person. In my opinion, traveling is a source of emotional and personal inspiration; therefore, I will visit such countries as USA, Canada, France, Italy and others. Traveling will help me make new friends around the world and be able to get out and about the people from diverse background, which I’m certain will enrich my own life, to be sure, but also the lives of those to whom I come in contact. Last but not least is my education and career. I have asked myself many times what I wanted to be. A few years ago it was difficult to give a definite answer. I had changed my mind several times. During this past year I finally discovered what it was that I most wanted to pursue. I realized that my strongest desires were to continue specializing in innovative technologies, learn foreign languages, and most importantly, complete an MBA. Working with passion had always been my aim. I plan to do the work I love and hopefully earn good money as a bonus. I will make it a habit of helping people solve their problems by means of finding opportunities to create products and services. According to Nikolay Ostrovskiy, â€Å"life is given to us but once and we must live it so as to feel no torturing regrets for wasted years. † I realize that I won’t achieve perfection when it comes to all my dreams, but I recognize that life and time are both precious. I am committed to doing everything possible to make these goals become part of my five-year reality. How to cite My Life in Five Years, Essays

For nonprofits, budget offers plusses but endowment reauthorization is still pending Essay Example For Students

For nonprofits, budget offers plusses: but endowment reauthorization is still pending Essay But Endowment reauthorization is still pending Congress, leaving Washington in the dog days of August, barely completed the grueling budget bill a painstakingly achieved piece of legislation that contains several provisions of interest to the nonprofit arts community, for whom the bills passage is seen as a success. One of the most important victories in the bill is the permanent and full charitable deduction for all gifts of appreciated property (stocks, bonds, real estate, art works and other appreciated assets). The provision retroactive to July 1992 for tangible property such as art works and to January 1993 for intangible property such as stocks and bonds reverses action taken in the 1986 Tax Reform Act that subjected gifts of appreciated property to the alternative minimum tax, allowing the donor a tax deduction only on the purchase price not its market value which brought gifts of art to museums to a virtual halt. To ensure that the appreciated property provision would not add to the federal deficits, Congress created a financial offset in the budget bill with the adoption of new substantiation and disclosure requirements. When the bill becomes law on Oct. 1, taxpayers will need written confirmation from the recipient organization in order to claim a charitable tax deduction for a donation of $250 or more. Additionally, nonprofits that receive quid pro quo contributions contributions that are in part payment for goods and services, such as a ticket to a special benefit evening with a value of $75 or more are required to provide an acknowledgement to the donor noting the deductible and nondeductible portions. Another successful campaign mounted by nonprofits removed proposed language from the bill that would have disallowed, in part, a charitable deduction of $2,000 or more where the lobbying activities of the nonprofit organization were of direct financial interest to the contributor. The organization would have been required to determine which of its contributors of $2,000 or more had a direct financial interest in any of the groups lobbying activities, and the portion of the donation that was determined to have been spent on those lobbying activities would not have been tax deductible. Opponents of the measure argued that it would have been impossible for nonprofit groups to accurately determine which of its donors had a direct financial interest in its lobbying activities or what actually constituted this interest. Special burden on contributors On the negative side of the nonprofit scorecard, the budget bill makes permanent a three percent floor on itemized tax deductions, including charitable deductions, which was due to expire in 1994. Taxpayers with incomes of $108,000 or more are currently subject to the floor, and nonprofit lobbyists argued that the floor places a special burden on charitable contributions; since individuals are less likely to adjust their deductions for state and local taxes and mortgage interest, the law may encourage them to reduce their charitable contributions to compensate for the increased tax. Another loss for arts groups commercial as well as nonprofits is the reduction in deductibility of business entertainment expenses, including tickets to cultural events, from 80 percent to 50 percent. While several attempts were made by members of Congress to maintain or increase the deduction level, it was lowered to 50 percent during the final moments of the budget conference, as negotiators scrambled for additional revenue. But the fact that the House and Senate conferees who determined the final outcome of the budget bill increased tax rates on higher income individuals from 31 percent to 36 percent, and the highest income group will be taxed at a rate of nearly 40 percent, is likely to have a favorable impact on the nonprofit sector. Research conducted by Independent Sector and other groups indicates clearly that charitable contributions do increase over time when tax rates go up. Independent Sector estimates that national giving to all philanthropic causes will increase by $1.6 billion annually under the new law. Lost horizon EssayJames Earl Jones, actor and former National Council on the Arts member: She most assuredly has the heart, the integrity and the dedication required to meet the challenges that such a position would bring to bear. In Jane, we are certain that you will find not only a talented actress, but also a good friend to the arts. Sen. Edward M. Kennedy (D-Mass.): I commend the Presidents choice. Jane Alexander is a respected artist and effective advocate for the arts. Her nomination signals President Clintons determination to end the controversies that have politicized the agency in recent years and to emphasize the indispensable role of the arts in our national life. I am confident that, under Ms. Alexanders leadership, excellence will be the standard and free expression the rule. Peter Zeisler, executive director, Theatre Communications Group: The nomination is an inspired choice that joins the United States with those countries where professional artists have headed national cultural agencies over the years. This nomination, and that of Sheldon Hackney as chairman of the National Endowment for the Humanities, place distinguished professionals with extraordinary credentials in charge of two critical agencies. Zelda Fichandler, artistic director, The Acting Company, New York: Ms. Alexanders roots are in the nonprofit professional theatre, and she has consistently returned to the theatre while simultaneously enjoying great success in film and television. She knows and understands the importance of the nonprofit arts in this country. She is an activist in social causes and an effective and eloquent spokesperson for the arts. Her long experience interacting directly with audiences gives her a special understanding of how important the arts are to the American people. Tom Kilgannon, communications director, Christian Action Network: We just dont think someone from Hollywood should be running the NEA. We think she will tend to place the interests of the Hollywood elite or the advocates of the far Left higher than the interests of Middle America. Marshall Wittmann, legislative affairs director, Christian Coalition: The cultural policy of the administration is one that is on the side of cultural radicalness. We are going to urge Congress to judge th nominee by a middle-class family standard. Judith Golub, executive director, American Arts Alliance: The American Arts Alliance is excited to begin to work with Ms. Alexander. With her outstanding career in the arts, we are confident she understands and will convey the important roles the artist and the arts play in American society. We also have long admired her skills as a leader and her ability to bring people together in support of the creativity and diversity so deeply rooted in our American tradition. Washington Post editorial, Aug. 15, 1993: The nomination of prize-winning actress Jane Alexander to head the NEA is a welcome message from the White House that the arts are not primarily about political cat-fighting . To the frequent assertions by Hill NEA-baiters that the private sector can take care of quality art, can respond, as she did before an appropriations hearing in 1990, that every single play that has won the Pulitzer Prize since 1976 originated on a nonprofit stage . Still, Ms. Alexander shouldnt believe that straightforward good spokesmanship is all the Endowment needs to get out of its current jam. No matter how eloquently she makes the case for the Endowment, the laws of political gravity will ensure that most of the questions she fields will be about the Whitney Museum, chocolatesmeared performance artists and crucifixes in urine. This is a function not necessarily of the issues or of the answers she gives on them, but of the political interest of the questioners an d the desire to test and even taunt some of the would-be grantees. To deal with the questions effectively, she will need not only poise but also a clear political strategy.

Breast is Best Essays - Breastfeeding, Anatomy, Health,

Breast is Best Milk Production I n order to produce milk, hormones are needed. The two main hormones are prolactin and oxytocin. Prolactin is produced by the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) and released into the circulation. The regulation of prolactin levels in the plasma is controlled by the dopaminergic system. Prolactin acts on the human breast to produce milk. This occurs by binding to mammary epithelial cell receptors, which stimulates synthesis of mRNA of milk pro teins . It takes several minutes of the infant sucking at the breast to cause prolactin secretion. Prolactin is also important in inhibiting ovulation. Oxytocin is produced by the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary). Suckling at the breast stimulates the neurohypophysis to produce and release oxytocin in an intermittent manner. Oxytocin acts on the breast to produce milk ejection or "milk let down." Oxytocin also causes uterine contractions. Opiates and B endorphins released during stress can block the release of oxy tocin . Newton showed that women who received a saline injection and were distracted during breastfeeding produced less milk than women who were not distracted or women who received an injection of Pitocin (synthetic oxytocin) prior to d istraction and breastfeeding . Lack of release of oxytocin inhibits the "milk let down" and the milk cannot be removed fro m the breast . Other hormones necessary for the production of breast milk include: insulin, cortisol, thyroid hormone, parathyroid hormone, parathyroid hormone-related protein, and human growth hormone. A recently described hormone, Fil (feedback inhibitor of lactation), seems to play an important role in regulation of milk supply. Fil acts locally within each breast. Fil is secreted into breast milk. When the breast is not emptied, Fil remains in contact with the alveolar cells. Fil appears to act on an apical receptor on the alveolar cell. This inhibits secretion of milk constituents. The complete mechanism is not yet understood, however this appears to be the mechanism of decreased milk production due to not emptying the breast. The advantages and disadvantages for breastfeeding : Advantages Readily available Affordable The baby acquires natural passive immunity because breast milk contains the mother's antibodies and other anti-infectious agents. Breastfeeding prevents menustration , which could be a method of natural birth control; however it is not fail safe. Helps the woman return to her pre-pregnancy weight, because lactation uses a lot of energy. It may reduce the risk of breast and ovarian cancer. It is thought to reduce rates of obesity, therefore it reduces the risk of Type-2 diabetes, hypercholesterolaemia and hypertension. There is evidence that those who have been breastfeed achieve better in intelligence tests Disadvantages Risk of transmission of diseases like HIV and Hepatitis C from baby to mother. May not be economically viable because some women have to return to work, so they cannot breastfeed their child exclusively. Sometimes breastfeeding can become uncomfortable, with some mothers suffering from nipple pain. Breastfeeding in public is still taboo; so feeding "on demand" may not be socially acceptable. If a mother does not replenish the quantity of calcium phosphate in the milk, the body responds by enlarging the parathyroid glands which causes her bones to decalcify, making her more susceptible to fractures. WHO re commendations for breastfeeding Breastfeeding should begin within an hour after birth. Breastfeeding should be "on demand", day and night. Bottles or dummies should be avoided. Exclusive breastfeeding (only breast milk given-not even water consumed) should occur until the baby is 6 months. After 6 months complementary breastfeeding (breast milk and other foods) should occur until the age of 2. New mothers should have at least 16 weeks off work after birth, so that she can rest and breastfeed her baby. Alternatives to breast feeding : Infant formula Infant formula is not recommended because it does not contain antibodies; it can increase the risk of water-borne disease in areas that have unsafe water; can lead to malnutrition; is not always readily available and can be expensive. Breast pumps Used when: the mother is lactating too much; breastfeeding becomes uncomfortable; the mother is busy or if the mother will not be there to feed her baby. Donor milk banking (more common in United States and Canada) Normally used in circumstances when the

roma in the czech republic essays

roma in the czech republic essays Economics 26121 September 18, 1999 The Euro To most people in the United States hearing the word Euro brings about blank stares. Ask this same question in England or another European country and it means bringing Europe together under one common currency. The Euro can be defined as the common monetary system by which the participating members of the European Community will trade. Eleven countries Germany, France, Spain, Portugal, Ireland, Austria, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Finland and Italy will comprise the European Economic Monetary Union that will set a side their national currency and adopt the Euro in 2002. A new National bank, based in Frankfurt Germany, will be constructed and the interest rates that control the economies of these nations will be in the hands of this new system. It is indeed a great experiment, being masterminded in Frankfurt, one that will be felt through out Europe as well as the rest of the world.1 The combined countries, now more commonly refer red to as Euroland, will fall under one national bank. This bank, the European Central Bank, will determine the economic fate of the entire  ¡Union ¡. The merging of eleven currencies is a daunting and somewhat lethal task. The ECB is comprised of seventeen members, each having one vote within the governing council. What has most Europeans concerned is the ECB ¡s secrecy of conducting business. There is no voting record nor will there be published minutes of the meeting that take place. Wim Duisenberg president of the ECB and a native Dutchman stated that he wanted the ECB to be one of the most open banks in the world.1 When BBC reporter Steve Levinson confronted him about this in Frankfurt Germany Wim replied I reconcile these two positions by not defining openness as publishing everything that will be available, but by defining openness as explaining every decision, every consideration. Also the pros and cons and to be very open about that and to be...

Our Bodies, Our Technologies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Our Bodies, Our Technologies - Essay Example A correlation persists between the evolution of life and the technological evolution. Life evolved from the genetic material the DNA and the RNA which are prevalent in all life forms, in the similar manner as computers are the spine of the information system. As a rule of the evolution process the initial phases takes time but advances acquire the faster pace, which could be witnessed in both the forms of the evolution. As the selection of the software is individuals choice, it could be correlated with the 23000 genes present inside the body which could be switched off or on depending upon the requirement and aids in combating major diseases as well as aging process. Every disease has got something to do with the gene or its expression, understanding the mechanism of genetic expression dreaded diseases like cancer, heart attacks, neurological disorders, diabetes etc could be resolved prior to their advancing stages (The Human Machine Merger: Why We Will Spend Most of Our Time in Virt ual Reality in the Twenty-first Century; Our Bodies, Our Technologies: Ray Kurzweil). Technical knowledge paves the way to bring innovation. Rob Freitas has designed nanorobotic RBCs which could enhance the potential of an individual, Research is on the way to make computers work faster than human brain! (Our Bodies, Our Technologies: Ray Kurzweil). Considering all the technical advances which are heading to make a human an immortal being on the planet, devoid of diseases and sufferings, combating the process of aging and hence challenging age, is human species really thinking about the burden they are putting on the planet and nature? Is human race lost in the technical world that has closed the doors to think beyond the technology? Is human race able to justify the rule of nature? Being immortal and creating the world devoid of disorders with just touch of a button, is going to validate the

Educational percptions of studying leisure and tourism Essay

Educational percptions of studying leisure and tourism - Essay Example Research shows that "one reason why young people drop out of college and university is that they haven't chosen a subject that really interests them" (How can parents and careers help to make Vocational education and success 2007). For students within the age range of 14 to 19 understanding Applied Leisure and Tourism, and learning Leisure and Tourism, as a vocational curriculum, offers wider and attractive employment opportunity. Developing awareness and an understanding of general professional issues, in Leisure and Tourism, is crucial in vocational curriculum. Leisure and recreation management is a unique and expansive field for young aspirants of vocational education, which covers many sectors, including sport and fitness, adventure and outdoor tourism, wilderness and national park recreation, even and facility management, and community recreation. As the hotel and hospitality industry moves increasingly from a skill-based to a knowledge-based industry, "higher learning has becom e increasingly critical to opening career doors and helping managers to be fully attuned to the culture, service and competitive aspects of the sector" (Why study Tourism and Leisure Management. 2007). In this perspective whether the educational approach and present curricula meet the requirements of students and employers calls for a critical review. Empowering students to take responsibility for their own learning and personal development is the proper approach of any vocational education. It is also found that "encouragement from parents and carers can make all the difference to a young person's future" as young people drop out of college and university because they haven't chosen a subject that really interests them and parents could help them to choose the subject that motivates them to learn. (How can parents and careers help to make Vocational education and success 2007). To achieve this objective, education modules should be formulated to assess the skills of students, and their attributes the employers look for in such graduates. Major attributes the employers look for are teamwork skills, communication skills, reflection and problem solving skill, giving and receiving feedback, negotiating skills, and responsibility for their own learning. Literary reviews in this respect reveal that "Knowledge and expertise based on exp eriences of combining education, learning and real business activities, are still rarely shared and transferred in modern European education" (Barnes, 2005, p.20). With this realization the government of UK is "considering replacing the current A-level system with an English baccalaureate" with GCSEs as the government's strategy for 14 to 19 year olds. It "will see the cutting back of the curriculum to make space for pupils who want to opt for vocational lessons," so that youngsters disaffected with academic subjects will be able to learn craft skills in an effort to motivate pupils to stay in education. (Vocational options for bored pupils. 2003). The latest proposals for a relevant curriculum envisage that "by offering 14-year-olds the chance to study

The Corporate Governance Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Corporate Governance - Article Example In civil-law countries, company law consists of statute law; in common-law countries, it consists partly of the ordinary rules of common law and equity and partly statute law. Two fundamental legal concepts underlie the whole of company law: the concept of legal personality and the theory of limited liability. Nearly all statutory rules are intended to protect either creditors or investors. There are various forms of legal business entities ranging from the sole trader, who alone bears the risk and responsibility of running a business, taking the profits, but as such not forming any association in law and thus not regulated by special rules of law, to the registered company with limited liability and to multinational corporations. In a partnership, members "associate," forming collectively an association in which they all participate in management and sharing profits, bearing the liability for the firm's debts and being sued jointly and severally in relation to the firm's contracts o r tortuous acts. All partners are agents for each other and as such are in a fiduciary relationship with one another. Limited-liability Companies or Corporations The company or corporation, unlike the partnership, is formed not simply by an agreement entered into between its first members; it must also be registered at a public office or courts designated by law or otherwise obtain the official acknowledgment of its existence. Under English and American law the company or corporation is incorporated by filing the company's constitution (memorandum and articles of association, articles or certificate of incorporation) signed by its first members at the Companies Registry in London or, in the United States, at the office of the state secretary of state or corporation commissioner. THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK GOVERNING BRITISH [companies overview] In Britain, the vast majority of companies are incorporated under the Companies Act 1985. The Act creates a distinction between private companies and public limited companies. Only a tiny fraction of companies incorporated in Britain are registered as public limited companies.Nevertheless, from a corporate governance perspective, they are of primary importance. A private company cannot apply to have its equity traded on a stock exchange, and debates about corporate governance in the United Kingdom have focused almost exclusively on companies that are publicly quoted. In the United Kingdom, most public companies that have their shares quoted for trading have been admitted to the Official List maintained by the Stock Exchange and are known as "listed" companies. A listed company is obliged to comply with the Listing Rules of London's Stock Exchange (commonly referred to as the "Yellow Book").The Yellow Book regulates the conduct of key transactions and imposes substantial disclosure obligations on listed companies.

The increase in demand of complementary therapies health essay

The increase in demand of complementary therapies health essay The purposed purpose of this study is to explore nursing students perception on the use of non-pharmacological treatment for pain in the hospital setting. The study will also explore the types of complementary therapies used to alleviate pain at the main local government run, general hospital, assessing nursing students knowledge and perception on complementary and their use and to identify possible benefits and contraindications in the use of complementary therapies. The proposed quantitative research will be used as data collection through a self administered questionnaire. Table of Contents Page Title Page i Abstract 2 Table of Contents 3 List of tables 5 1. Introduction 6 2. Background to the study 2.1 Definition of Complementary and Alternative therapies 7 2.2 Defining Acupuncture 9 2.3 Types of Acupuncture Techniques 9 2.4 Mechanisms of Action of Acupuncture 10 2.5 Clinical Applications and Efficacy 10 2.5 Research Issues 12 3. The Research Method 3.1 Aim and Objectives 13 3.2 The Research Design 13 3.3 The Population 13 3.4 Sampling Technique 14 3.5 Method of Data Collection 15 3.6 Research Tool 15 3.7 Data Analysis 15 4. Ethical Consideration 16 Reference List 17 Time Scale and Budget 18 List of tables Page Table 1: List of Complementary Therapies 8 Table 2: Contraindications to the use of acupuncture 11 Table 3: Adverse effects of acupuncture 12 Introduction Complementary Therapies have established a place in health care and have developed rapidly over the past ten years in terms of recognition, acceptance and use (Peters et al, 2002). Integrating complementary therapies with conventional medicine presents a challenge to all sectors of health care, but specifically to nurses who are at the forefront of providing patient care, health education and information (Chu and Wallis, 2007).The review of the proposed study identifies a number of these therapies but it explores only one in particular; analyzing its prevalence and use, and exploring its perceived efficacy and safety and nursing students attitudes towards it. Pertinent research and reviewing of articles for this review were sought from within the Faculty of Health Sciences and Medical School Library, using Cumulative Index of nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), EBSCO host and Medline and the University of Dublin website. Dissertation abstracts, and books that were relevant to the subject were also examined. Keywords utilized for searches included complementary, therapies, alternative, attitudes, nursing students, acupuncture, pain management. Due to the increase in demand of complementary therapies, numerous articles have been written on the subject throughout the years, especially in the last decade. The amount of research available varies depending on the therapy in question. Very few local studies were encountered regarding complementary therapies, as a matter of fact, at the main local government run, general hospital, only one type of complementary therapy is acknowledged. Background to the study 2.1 Definition of Complementary and Alternative therapies Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) encompasses a wide range of therapeutic procedures and philosophies that are not traditionally viewed to be part of conventional medicine (Smith, G.D, 2009) The Cochrane Complementary Medicine Field within the Cochrane Library defines complementary therapies as a broad domain of healing resources that comprises all the healthcare systems and practices their accompanying theories and beliefs. The World Health Organization defined Complementary Alternative Modalities (CAM) as a comprehensive term used to refer to both traditional medical systems such as Traditional Chinese Medicine, Indian ayurveda and Arabic unami medicine and to various forms of native medicine (WHO, 2004) Thus, the words complementary and alternative can, and often do, refer to the same therapy, product, or practitioner. It is the context of use that changes an alternative therapy into a complementary one. The term describes health care practices such as those shown in Table 1. Table 1: List of Complementary Therapies (Alphabetical order) Acupressure (Shiatsu) Colonic hydrotherapy Iridology PIP Scans Acupuncture Colour therapy Juice Therapy Raw Vegetable Juice Therapy Alexander technique Counselling Kinesiology Reflexology Allergy testing Craniosacral Therapy Light therapy Reiki Aromatherapy Dream Therapy Light Touch therapy Rolfing Art therapy Eye Movement Desensitization    ReprocessingEMDR Magnotherapy Shiatsu (Acupressure) Auricular Acupuncture Exercise Marma therapy Spiritual counselling Australian Flower Essences therapy Guided Imagery Massage therapy Stress management Autogenics Healing Medical Herbalism Swimming therapy Ayurvedic medicine Health Clubs Meta-Aromatherapy Tai Chi Bach Flower remedies Health Screening Microwave Resonance therapy TENS therapy Bee Venom therapy Herbal medicine Music therapy T.C.M. Traditional Chinese Medicine Bowen Technique Homoeopathy Naturopathy Transcendental Meditation Biofeedback Humour Nutritional therapy Tragerwork Chelation Therapy Hydrotherapy Osteopathy Vegetable Juice Therapy Chiropractic Hypnotherapy Oxygen therapy Yoga Chinese Herbal Medicine (T.C.M.) Indian Head Massage Panchakarma therapy 2.2 Defining Acupuncture Acupuncture is a complementary therapy that is being increasingly used in the day-to-day management of pain. It originated in China, over 3000 years ago and is practiced worldwide (Wilkinson, J. Faleiro, R., 2007). Locally, in the main local government run, general hospital, Acupuncture is the only complementary therapy to be officially used in alleviating physical pain. Other therapies such as Exercise, Counseling, Music Therapy and others are used for various other reasons in combination with conventional medicine. Acupuncture involves the insertion of fine sterilized needles through the skin at specific point (called acupoints) and is one of the key components in traditional Chinese medicine (Chen, L., 2005). A major assumption is Traditional Chinese Medicine is that health is achieved by maintaining the body in a balanced state and that disease is as a result of an internal imbalance of yin and yang (Wilkinson, J. Faleiro, R., 2007). There are five main techniques practiced. Dry needling is probably the most common but electro acupuncture (EA) possesses the most promising research endorsement. 2.3 Types of Acupuncture Techniques Moxibustion Moxibustion involves the burning of mugwort, a small, spongy herb, to facilitate healing. It is applied onto the needle over the acupoints. Laser acupuncture A fine low-energy laser beam is directed onto the acupoint. Acupressure In Acupressure, pressure is used to stimulate the acupoints. This can be in the form of a bracelet or strap. Such method is commonly used to alleviate motion sickness. 2.4 Mechanisms of Action of Acupuncture Alan K. Halperin, M.D in his article Acupuncture in Pain Management writes that according to Chinese acupuncture theory, there are over 300 acupunture points on the body that connect to 12 principal and 8 secondary pathways called meridians. These pathways conduct energy force, Qi throughout the entire body. Health is maintained by the unobstructed flow of Qi that regulates the physical, mental and spiritual balance. In addition, the opposing forces of yin and yang regulate all organs. When the entire system is in balance, optimal health occurs. Disease occurs when there are obstructions to the flow of Qi, deficient or axcessive Qi, or when there is an imbalance of yin and yang. 2.5 Clinical Applications and Efficacy Research shows that Acupuncture can be used in virtually any medical condition, but most Americans use it for pain control (Halperin, 2005). Such pain controls are for osteoarthritis, headache, chronic neck and lower back pain. Studies conducted on the subject also revealed that the mentioned complementary therapy is often seen as a last resort for pain relief. This creates adverse selection bias, leaving acupuncture as an option only for those patients who fail to respond to all other methods and can create unrealistic expectations from patients (Wilkinson, J. Faleiro, R., 2007). There are also many pain conditions which have demonstrated improvement with acupuncture. These include: lateral epicondylitis, peripheral neuropathy, temporomandibular disorders, phantom limb pain, chronic pelvic pain, irritable bowel syndrome and Crohns Disease. Literature shows that although acupuncture has gained much professional recognition, its applications and over all efficacies remains a subject of debate (Chen, 2005). Even so, the risk of serious events associated with acupuncture treatments is quite low (Halperin, 2005). The National Institute of Health (NIH) consensus panel on acupuncture in the United States states that the documented occurrence of adverse events in the practice of acupuncture is extremely low. Nevertheless, Acupuncture is technically an invasive procedure with the most common reported complication being bruising or bleeding at the needle insertion site, followed by the transient vasovagal response. Other complications might include; infection, dermatitis, and broken needle fragments. In some cases contraindications and adverse effects listed in Table 2 and Table 3 might occur: Table 2: Contraindications to the use of acupuncture Absolute Contraindications Relative Contraindications Needle Phobia Pregnancy avoid any points known to stimulate uterine contractility Severe bleeding diathesis Points over nipples, umbilicus, and major vessels are forbidden by conventional texts Inability to remain still for treatment Point over infant fontanel Systemic Sepsis Application during menses (less effective) Unco-operative hallucinating, delusions, etc. If patient is on corticosteroids, benzodiazepines, or narcosis (less effective) Cellulitis Anticoagulant drugs Burns Ulceration EA do not apply over heart or brain. Do not apply in region of pacemaker or implanted medical pump. Table 3: Adverse effects of acupuncture Pneumothorax Local pain Cardiac tamponade Bruising Neurovascular damage Bleeding Infection Hematoma formation Metal allergy 2.6 Research Issues Little research was found with regards to nursing students perception on Complementary Therapies. Moreover on Acupuncture and its use in pain management. It is proposed that the this aspect should be explored more in detail by conducting a small-scale research study on the subject. Two separate studies were conducted addressing nursing students knowledge and attitudes on Complementary Therapies. One of which was a quantitative study conducted in Britain and it investigated the use of CAM in cancer and palliative care and another study was conducted in southern Taiwan exploring student nurses knowledge, attitude and behavior toward Chinese Medicine. More medical research than nursing research exists in complementary therapies, mainly in randomized-controlled trials. However, this field is still poorly researched compares with conventional medicine (Nahin Straus, 2001). The Research Method 3.1 Aim of the study The proposed aim of this study is to explore nursing students perception on the use of non-pharmacological treatment for pain in the hospital setting. 3.2 The Objectives of the study The proposed objectives of this study are to: Identify the types of complementary and alternative therapies used to alleviate pain at the local government run, general hospital (Mater Dei Hospital). Identify nursing students knowledge and perception on complementary and alternative therapies and their use. Identify possible benefits and contraindications in the use of complementary therapies. 3.3 The Research Design It is proposed that a quantitative research approach is used for the purpose of this study. This means in quantitative research your aim is to determine the relationship between one thing (an independent variable) and another (a dependent or outcome variable) in a population. Quantitative research designs are either descriptive (subjects usually measured once) or experimental (subjects measured before and after a treatment). A descriptive study establishes only associations between variables (Hopkins, 2000). It is also proposed to use a descriptive approach; Descriptive research design is a scientific method which involves observing and describing the behavior of a subject without influencing it in any way. This is so as to explore nursing students own perceptions, views and knowledge on the subject. The research setting is the physical location and conditions in which data collection takes place in a study (Polit and Beck, 2006). It is proposed that for the purpose of this study, the leading government run hospital in Malta which hosts the Faculty of Health Sciences lecture rooms will be chosen as the research location for the completion of this study. 3.4 The Population and Sampling Technique According to Cormack (2000), Target Population refers to all of the people that the researcher wishes to include in his / her study. The proposed population of this study will be student nurses following an undergraduate course in Nursing Studies. The target population will be second year Diploma and Degree in Nursing Studies students within the Faculty of Health Sciences. Sampling is the portion of the defined population who are selected by the researcher to participate in the study in order to collect data. The researcher strives to get data from the sample which will reflect all the characteristics of that population (Cormack, 2000). The participants have to fulfill all of the inclusion criteria, where candidates are proposed to be: Full time student nurses following an undergraduate course at the Faculty of Health Sciences 20 years of age and older Second year student Be willing to participate in the study The exclusion criteria will be candidates who: Students who refuse to participate in the study Younger than 20 years of age 3.5 Method of Data Collection Data collection in quantitative studies may be achieved by various methods such as questionnaires, interviews and observations (Polit and Beck, 2006). A questionnaire may be considered as the most appropriate tool for data collection, since it offers the possibility of complete anonymity. A questionnaire helps to avoid bias which can happen in the presence of the interviewer, by reflecting the participants reaction to the interviewer (Polit and Beck, 2006). As the method of choice for data collection is not yet ready, it is proposed that a self-administered with close and open ended questions questionnaire be utilized; requiring a yes or no answer or completion of a question. 3.6 Research Tool The research tool for this study is yet to be provided. It will be developed by the novice researcher and based on the aim and objectives of the study. 3.7 Data Analysis Results of the findings will be presented either in the form of graphs or pie charts. Ethical Considerations Consent to carry out the research will be sought and obtained from the University of Malta Research Ethics Committee and the Faculty of Health Sciences Dissertation Panel. In order to ensure that participants of the study would not be subject to any harm, anonymity will be held throughout the study. In order to maintain privacy, for those participant who dont wish to complete the questionnaire in the presence of piers; a self addressed enveloped will be give incurring any expenses from the participant. Participants may also abstain from taking part in the study. A participation letter will be handed, explaining the nature of the study to the participants. Since the researcher might know any participant, a blank envelope will be handed.

Embodying Ecofeminism Essay -- Ecofeminism Essays

Embodying Ecofeminism I felt a little strange the first day I walked into our class, mostly because I was somewhat of an outsider in a group who seemed to know each other. I sat down and listened as class began. I found it hard to focus on what was being said. Words seemed to rise and fill the room without creating any form that I could recognize. I listened hard and tried to engage myself in the dialogue. Some of the other students seemed involved, some resistant, trying to argue their own space into the dialogue. Sometimes ideas would surface that would resonate with me and pull me in; I could see that both students and professor cared deeply about the things I valued most. Yet, somehow we did not tap my core of questions with the theories and frameworks we used. Logical arguments assigning ethical values to objects, abstract theories that universally prescribe for every situation, disagreement and defense, philosophical examples of extreme situations of morality that described violence, incest, rape . . . with all these things I felt more and more alienated from the group. I, an opinionated and outspoken woman, felt silenced. Surely the group would welcome my contributions, but why did I feel so stifled? How could a discussion of ethics so completely embody what to me is unethical? I should have known that even something so intense and personal as values could be pinned down and violated by patriarchal Anglo thought. If I were a survivor of sexual abuse, I certainly would have fled the classroom, never to return, feeling violated once again, due to the needless description of violence and rape in the philosophical examples. This, a perfect metaphor for the use of conceptual frameworks which value patriarchal-style rational... ... use. It is not sufficient to discuss oppression and injustice in one section as separate from the other topics we explore. In every issue we will encounter marginalized groups who are victims of environmental injustice, and I fear we may be tempted to blame them for environmental devastation. In reality, they may know part of the solution we seek. I would also ask that we expand the frameworks we use to include non-dominant frameworks, so that members of our class are not systematically alienated parallel to the groups we may discuss. Let's keep in mind our context, as students living in the upper-middle class, Anglo, patriarchal society of an elite college, as people who are born into conferred dominance. I think we will be able to discuss environmental ethics in a way that is inclusive, pluralistic, contextual and holistic, as recommended by ecofeminist thinkers.

School Violence In Virgin Islands

School violence poses a great risk in the development of any nation but not only in the US as a whole or the Virgin Islands. School violence is a very serious problem especially in the public schools and it is both found in urban and sub urban areas of the Virgin Islands. It would a wasted effort to try to improve the quality of education without taking school violence as a serious problem, thus looking for ways to solve it no matter the quality of teachers we employ or the curriculum since violence makes learning difficult. School violence comes in very different forms which include; o Intimidation o Gang activity Use of guns and other dangerous weapons o Theft of lockers o Assault or o Anything that will cause a victim Victims of school violence could be teachers, students and members of non teaching staff and ranges from planned attacks to unintentional murders of by standers. There are nearly three million robberies and acts of violence happening in or in the neighborhoods of sch ool campuses yearly according to the National Crime survey of May 2001. This is about sixteen thousand occurrences per school per day and also almost all crimes against teenagers happen in schools or in the neighborhoods (Hurwitz, Menacker, Weldon, 1987 p5). The chances of a violent incident occurring in a school are increased if there is a student with a gun. Possession of guns by students while in school is a common occurrence and many parents are constantly worried about the safety of their kids who are in school. Around 15% of students in the Virgin Islands report the presence of gangs in their schools and many fear of being attacked while in school or on their way to the school and 61% of all crimes are committed by students (Boyer, 2008, p334). There is various prevention measures put in place in the Virgin Islands for controlling school violence. School safety is treated as a priority within each campus and the neighborhood. Programs encompassing parents, students, teachers, police officers, religious leaders, the courts and any other leader who is in charge of ethnic and racial balance in the community. These people help in determining case of planned violence and also setting up plans for stopping acts of violence before they happen. The school environment is set up in such a way that it creates a positive climate for the students. All employees in each school are encouraged to participate in creating this welcoming environment so as to eradicate any negativity in the students, since this goes a long way in reducing cases of violence. Schools have also established a procedures for tracking crimes and for record keeping, it records crime types, when, where and why they happened and any other important data. The data is then examined to determine the trends, the persons involved and any new patterns so as to come with measures of countering it (Furlong, Bates, Smith, 2004 pp240-263). Establishment of communication centers using the latest technologies for that is capable of getting in touch with the appropriate administrators in case of an emergency. These allows for quick response so as minimize chances of aggravating the injuries which might occur during the violence. Students who have the tendency of bringing weapons to school should be counseled, given the necessary support or referred to the suitable resources in the community and where necessary transferred to other schools. Probation officers are placed in campuses in communities experiencing severe cases of violence so as to give the students thorough supervision. Some of the above programs might fail to work in some communities but work in others because school settings are different from one school to the other. Students have formed groups which report any violence acts and the culprits. The youth contact patrols in their campuses and neighborhoods and are provided with adequate security without causing confrontations with those they find engaging in crime (United States District Court (Virgin Islands), 1982 pp290- 296). There is amicable solution of grievances which is done by using dialogue to end conflicts thus making sure that cases of revenge are minimized. This is because if some of these problems are not solved once and for all it might cause planned attacks which can happen even outside the school. Students are encouraged to engage in extra curricular activities during their free time so as to reduce the chances of getting themselves in to drugs, since this is a major cause for violence. Students who are found to be in drugs are counseled and advised to visit rehabilitation centers so that they quit these habits. Some of the traditional methods for crime prevention particularly in cases of indiscipline are limited either by the legislature or the judiciary but parents have the powers to determine the types of punishments to be administered to their children even if it is corporal punishment. It is also difficult to establish the measures that work best due to the fact that schools are of different settings. Some of these measures are limited in public schools since the government has the mandate to ascertain that power is not abused in cases where learning is a must and attending given schools is compulsory. This limitation on public schools makes them more violent as compared to private schools and this encourages the establishment of the private schools since most parents want the best for their children. Some of the legislations are kind of encouraging violence in public schools. But it is advisable for school administrators to keep on innovating new methods for countering this problem and to keep on trying the old ones as well as the established. Parents are also encouraged to take an active role in the up bringing of their children so as top ensure that they grow up in to responsible adults. It is also advisable to break up large schools in to small ones because supervising a small number of students is easier. There should be different schools for boys and girls since there seems to more violence in mixed schools than there are in boys or girls’ only schools. The government should also relax some of its legislations so as to allow teachers and parents of public schools to make their own measures for different types of indiscipline in the students (Preventing School Violence: Top Five Ways To Build Stronger Student-adult Relationships, available online).

Copyrights and Patents

Copyrights and Patents Everyday businesses provide the world with products and services. People in general are just not self-sufficient. Who has time to make their own clothes, own meals,clean their own house, or even watch their own kids? Today?s every growing business world and advancements in technology make it extremely easy to obtain anything one could ever desire provided they have the money to buy it. Many people gained great success and wealth from their original product and business ideas. People have alsogained great wealth from borrowing, stealing or adapting from one ?original? idea.The majority of copying and fraud involves software and clothing items.(Edwards6) One aspect of this is known as bootlegging. this is where someone copies a program, CD, performance, etc., and sells it on the streets. According to Mike Edward?s of the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry claims that world wide CD piracy accounts for 6.5% of the industries annual sales.English: The south side of the James Madison Build...A different approach to borrowing one?s idea doesn?t nessacarily copythe product. Instead it involves misleading the consumer. As in one case, the Miller Brewing Company developed a new beer with a label similar to Annheuser Busch?s, who is currently the number one brewer in America. The ?new brew? was aimed at taking away sales from ?the King of Beers.? (Melcher 37) Logos are also often copied. A logo is defined as an advertising symbol or message that represents a product or a service. In one case, OJ Simpson has agreed to share marketing rights with the Florida Department of Citrus to use his initial in connection with orange juice. (Wells 1) Materials can be illegally duplicated in many different ways. This includes everything sharing software, to copying CD?s, to illegal sweatshops. Commercial goodshave either patents which are supposed to protect them from illegal duplication. Digital technology is...

buy custom Pharmaceutical Law essay

buy custom Pharmaceutical Law essay Question 1 The current is looking for a cure or the closest thing that resembles a cure for a given disease. Although each of the drugs identified is promising, the weights are not equal. The drug patented in 1995 is the most promising one as it reduces death in subjects (mice) by the highest percentage (85%). It also reduces HgA1C by 2% which is almost the average reduction of the three drugs put together. One advantage is that it is more promising than the other hence presenting greater success rate chances. An additional advantage is that it will deduct the cost as efforts needed to progress are lesser than in the other drugs. The evident risk is that the drug patented in 1990 might be more effective the 1995 drug. This is because it has a significantly higher mortality rate reduction in mice and reduces HgA1C 1% better than the 1995 drug. The other risks are inherent to all other drugs. Its effect on mice may not resemble its effect on people. Question 2 One of the challenges is related to identifying the effect on treatment. Phase III suggests that the researchers identify the effect of the drug in both animals and people. It also reveals the length of the effects. Identifying these effects on people is one challenge as the researchers have to find voluneers who will take part in the trial process (Arcangelo Peterson, 2005). The other challenge is related to finances. This phase incurs the most cost. The pharmaceutical company needs many funds to carry out this stage successfully, which may not be at the companys disposal. The company can overcome the first company by compiling the relevant data that will challenge a patient to take part in the research. This will begin by progressing with the drug that is most promising. The other challenge can be overcome by targeting donors (Arcangelo Peterson, 2005). Donors will only be willing to put their donations in a drug that is promising. The relevant data in the previous stages should therefore be carefully gathered. Question 3 One of the strategies of increasing the commercial lifecycle of the drug is by making new formulations (Gupta, Kumar, Roy, Gaud, 2010). This will integrate having additional patents that cater for new formulations of the identified compound. The other strategy relates to making combinations. In such cases a company combines two or more drugs that are already a success in the market, thus marketing them as one product (Gupta et al., 2010). Question 4 One of the post-marketing obligations includes accurately reportting any issues identified in the market to the relevant authorities. Another obligation is related to recalling the drug from the market if it is identified as harmful to the patients (in a larger population). The company can make relevant modifications in relation to the issue identified, which is costly. They may also be forced to totally eliminate the drug from the market, which is more expensive (Friedman, Furberg, DeMets, 2010). Question 5 According to the New Drug Application of FDA, the company can be held on criminal charges if they withhold any relevant information regarding the drug. They would also be negligent if they release a faulty drug in the market or continue to sell a drug after realising its faults (Gupta et al., 2010). They can be sued by the affected persons. Question 6 The company can be faced by both criminal and civil cases. If it acts in negligence, it is liable and can be sued by the affected parties. If it hides relevant information to the relevant authorities, which would risk the lives of the patients using the drug, it would be criminally liable. The company can avoid the same by revealing all the information available and recalling the drug from the market after identifying certain faults (Friedman et al., 2010). Buy custom Pharmaceutical Law essay

4th year sociology-Impact of Women's Experiences in Non-traditional Essay

4th year sociology-Impact of Women's Experiences in Non-traditional Occupations - Essay Example Mostly women filled jobs of teachers, nurses, doctors, baby sitters and social workers, but these were considered as traditional jobs. Gradually, women entered the non-traditional occupations. This essay will discuss why the Canadian women entered the labour market, which was the non-traditional occupations they ventured into, and the challenges they faced in the predominantly male-dominated occupations. A non-traditional job for women is one where they account for only 33% of the workforce. There has been a dramatic growth in the share of the women who are part of the paid work force. Women traditionally stayed at home but gradually, they realized that they did not even have common justice within the home, which is one of the strongest reasons why women ventured out of home. Women, with children at home contributed eleven hours of free labor every day with nothing to fall back upon. In the 1960s and 1970s, they became conscious of their rights and clamored for economic security. As they rose up to fight for their rights, they realized the discrimination they faced in the labor market. The women’s movement brought about dramatic rise in the women labor force. Women were subject to inequality and hardships. Apart from the expansion of the service sector, rising standards of consumption and decline in real wages, encouraged the employment of married women (Ch6, p 4). They start ed challenging the traditional gender divisions of labor and worked collectively to bring about changes in the education, attitudes, working practices and legislation. Women gradually moved into non-traditional occupations (NTO), those generally occupied by men. The NTO generally include engineering, veterinary practice, financial management, law and construction. This was due to changes in the education level and the changing social attitudes. Once they stepped into the non-traditional occupations, they enjoyed better oppurtunities

Discharge for Whistleblower Activity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discharge for Whistleblower Activity - Essay Example However, Broom and Miller chose not to follow standard procedure and instead of going to the accused employee’s immediate supervisor, they went the medication consultant at the facility. Their reasoning was based on the fact that the accused employee had a close personal friendship with her immediate supervisor, Sarah Dutton. The act that Broom and Miller carried out went against protocol. Because these two employees did not follow the proper chain of command and protocol in choosing to file their complaint, this only gave their employer’s legal position more support.   2. Because Broom and Miller were subject to the employment-at-will doctrine, even if they had been members of a bargaining unit that was connected with union representation, it still would not have provided any advantage to their case.  The reality is that these employees could not be protected under a collective bargaining agreement because Oklahoma common law  gives the right to employees to discharge an at-will employee at any time of their choosing. Broom and Miller attempted to argue their case by citing the three statutory laws that they thought supported their actions. These three laws were the Nursing Home Care Act, the Residential Care Act, and the Uniform Controlled Dangerous Substances Act. This first statutory law governed safeguards and procedures for the storage, safekeeping, monitoring, dispensing, and destruction of patient prescription drugs. The employer argued that this only covered nursing homes within the state and that the employer’s company is legall y a residential care facility and cannot be included in the law. The second statutory law does apply to the employer’s facility because the employer admitted so. However, the employer argued that the language in this law were general and did not cover the Oklahoma employment-at-will doctrine. Finally, the third law makes it a criminal offense to steal controlled and dangerous substances, but Broom and Miller did not make a specific argument to justify their claims. Reaffirming what was said in the previous question, Broom and Miller failed to follow the proper procedures when filing their complaint.

Data Communication Using the Top-Down Approach Essay - 2

Data Communication Using the Top-Down Approach - Essay Example According to Hicks (2004), this the top down emphasizes on planning as well as a total understanding of the system and in this case coding does not begin until a sufficient level of detail has been attained. This design was promoted by Harlan Mils who was an IBM researcher and Niklaus Wirth in the 1970s. Â  Equity first a mortgage brokerage company located in New England has a centralized operations center. This center which is located in Exeter, New Hampshire, is the center of all operations and it, therefore, controls all the operations of the other ten branches in Maine and Massachusetts. It is also the administrative center as it hosts departments such as accounting, human resources, executive management, and support staff. The operations center maintains a central database used to store customer information, such as loan applications, credit check information, and approval status. This fulfills the first requirement that the top-down model needs to have a central office that manages all the operations. Â  Computer networking using the top-down approach focuses on new short interlude and eventual ‘putting it all together’ that follows the coverage of the network, data link layers, transport awe well as application (Hicks 2004). Each office at Equity first is now self-reliant as they do not rely on the main office to ensure maintenance as well as effective communication. It is also responsible for the decrease in errors when it comes to operations hence no delays or breaks downs in communication takes place because each operation takes place separately. It is also quite easy to maintain because the errors are few and are easy to identify and correct.

Business Law Essay Example for Free

Business Law Essay You are to work on this assignment alone without assistance from others; however, you may use your text, class lectures and your notes in completing the assignment. Points earned from this assignment will be added to your total point score for the semester. (See the course syllabus for the course grading scale.) Due Date Mon., Nov. 12th: This is an out-of-class assignment and is to be turned in no later than the beginning of class on the due date. The Assignment: Read the news articles and the federal regulations that follow. Answer the questions about potential claims. Please note: †¢ Your answers are to be marked on the Assignment. Mark clearly to show which answer you have selected. †¢ Write your name on the Assignment Sheet. Submit a hard copy of the entire Assignment Sheet. NTSB releases details on Lake Butler crash No charges have been filed against bus driver, although a criminal investigation continues. By ASSOCIATED PRESS Published February 3, 2006 LAKE BUTLER, FLORIDA – The truck driver who plowed into a car at a school bus stop last week killing seven children had been awake for 34 hours, except for a short nap, an investigator with the National Transportation Safety Board said Friday. David Rayburn, the lead NTSB investigator for the Lake Butler crash, said the 31-year-old truck driver, Alvin Wilkerson, was refusing to talk to investigators about the accident. Rayburn and Florida Highway Patrol Lt. Bill Leeper refused to release the name of Wilkerson’s attorney. Calls to Crete Carrier Corp., the Lincoln, Nebraska, trucking company Wilkerson drove for, were not immediately returned. Blood tests showed he had not been using alcohol or drugs, Leeper said. Wilkerson was not using his cell phone at the time of the accident. No charges have been filed against Wilkerson, although a criminal investigation continues. Rayburn said driver fatigue was one of main factors being looked into as the cause of the crash. â€Å"He was driving quite a bit during those 34 hours, probably too much,† Rayburn said, adding that Wilkerson was making deliveries and loading and unloading his truck. At the time of the crash, Wilkerson was driving a load of bottled water from High Springs to Jacksonville, a trip of about 85 miles. The NTSB, using an identical school bus and truck, determined the school bus should have been visible for about 3,000 feet (more than half a mile) and there was some light skid marks before hitting the car and pushing it into the school bus. The car burst into flames, killing all seven children, and forcing it under the school bus, carrying nine children. Two children from the bus remain at Shands hospital in Gainesvile in serious condition. When asked when Wilkerson saw the bus, Rayburn said, â€Å"I don’t know that he did.† Rayburn said both the bus driver and the truck driver had valid commercial licenses. He noted that the driver of the car, Nikki Mann, was only 15, and had only a learner’s permit. She was talking on her cell phone when the truck hit the back of her car. Sheriff Jerry Whitehead said the crash was not Nikki Mann’s fault. â€Å"Accidents happen. This was a tragedy. I don’t believe she was at all at fault. The truck plowed into them and killed them.† Rayburn said there were no mechanical problems with any of the vehicles involved and a recorder on the truck did not show the impact. Investigators don’t know if a dog riding in Wilkerson’s truck played any part in the collision. Rayburn said he investigated a 2004 crash in which a Crete Carrier driver had been driving excessive hours. That incident involved a multi-car pile-up on the Indiana toll road near Chicago resulting in two fatalities, including the Crete driver. NTSB records show Crete has been cited fourteen times in the last six years for driver hour violations. This tiny Union City town has been mourning since the crash last week. On Monday, the five children of Terry and Barbara Mann were buried after a service at the First Christian Church in Lake Butler. They were Nikki, 15, and adopted children Elizabeth, 15, Johnny, 13, Heaven, 3, and 20-month-old Anthony. Their cousins, twins Ashley and Amanda Finn, 13, were buried Wednesday next to the body of William Edwin Scott, 70, the grandfather of the seven children, who died of a heart attack after hearing about the accident. Fatal Accident Driver Has Long Legal History Investigators are still piecing together why an 18-wheeler slammed into the back of a car and school bus in Lake Butler yesterday, causing seven children to die. The truck that was involved in the accident was owned and operated by Crete Carrier Corp. It’s a trucking company that has a pretty good reputation for safety nationwide. But the driver who was behind the wheel had anything but that. The WESH 2 I-Team discovered that he has a long history of problems with the law. According to driving records obtained by the I-Team, Alvin Wilkerson has been cited for eight traffic violations since 1995, including two speeding tickets and two seat belt violations. He’s also been cited twice for driving with a suspended or revoked license and twice more for operating a motor vehicle in an unsafe condition. Wilkerson, age 31, was driving for Crete Carrier Corp., which is headquartered in Lincoln, Neb. Crete employs 5,400 drivers operating 5,100 tractor-trailers around the country. According to Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration records, Crete carries a satisfactory safety rating. Even so, the I-Team discovered that in the last two years, Crete drivers have been involved in 482 crashes and 20 of those ended in fatalities. In Florida, transportation officials conducted 259 inspections of Crete trucks and drivers in the last two years alone and found 111 violations. Eight of those violations were so serious that inspectors immediately forced the trucks out of service and off the road. WESH 2 News asked Crete officials why they would hire someone with Wilkerson’s driving record, but they did not respond. A Florida Highway Patrol investigation of the accident continues. An investigator said they are checking on the truck’s systems. He said there was no indication that the truck’s brakes failed, but it appears the truck made no effort to stop before it slammed into that car full of children. Seven children, all related, perished in the crash when the car burst into flames. Their bodies were charred beyond recognition. Eight children on the school bus and the driver were transported to Shands HealthCare hospitals. Three of the children are reported in critical condition. Alvin Wilkerson suffered minor injuries and is reportedly at home.

The Implication For Users Of Financial Statements Accounting Essay

The Implication For Users Of Financial Statements Accounting Essay Financial statements should be well understood by those who read it especially those individuals who have considerable knowledge of business and economic world and those ones willing to learn the information carefully. There are various users of financial statements. These users are classified into two broad categories. These users have different purposes for using these statements. The first category of these users is the internal users. The internal users refer to those individuals who have direct interest to the activities of the organization. They include: 1) Managers and owners need financial statements so as to make business decisions. They analyze the information provided by financial statements so as to obtain a clear position of the organization. Variable elements of financial reports such as the ratio of current debt to equity ratio is vital in making a decision on the amount of long run capital that needs to be available;2)employees form the second group of internal users of financial statements. Employees require this information especially when making joint collective bargains (Dyson, 1996). Such statements are of significant importance when discussing issues concerning promotion, salary increase and rankings. External users include: 1) institutional investors who use the financial reports to evaluate the financial capability of the business so as to make reasonable investment decisions; 2) Various financial institutions like banks and other loan bodies need to evaluate financial reports of businesses before lending them money; 3) the government also analyzes financial statement of different companies so as to prove if they paying taxes accurately ;4) the general public as well as the mass media may be interested in analyzing the statements of certain businesses. 1.2-What are the different aspects of legal and regulatory framework that relates to financial statements? There are different methods which can be followed when presenting financial statements. Rules-based accounting is made up of precise rules that must be observed during preparation of financial statements. Many accountants prefer the use of this method so that they reduce their liability in the event misjudgments. In situation whereby the management decides not to use rule-base accounting, it can choose to employ other accounting policies in preparing their financial statement (Guilding, 2002). However, this can be challenging because there are some policies which do conflict. Companies which need to included in stock exchange in more than a single country need to prepare their statements in accordance with GAAP. There are several reasons why it is necessary to have regulatory framework guiding financial reporting within countries and on international level. One of the reasons regard to irregular information (Moncarz and Portocarrero, 1986). Assume a scenario whereby the manager of th e company is the one responsible for preparation of financial reports. This responsibility gives the manager the opportunity to access financial information which other members of the organization do not. Managers can take advantage of this privilege to exploit the statements so as to favor their own personal interest. Therefore, there must be regulation on reporting to stop insiders from exploiting financial statements. Another important factor to be considered is reliability and relevance of financial statements. Access the implication for users of financial statements? The different aspects of legal and regulatory framework have significant implication for users of financial statements. Some of the users of financial statements have complained that some of the regulations add unimportant complexities. The basis behind their argument is that there are some rules which are extremely detailed, with standards extending to more than hundred pages. Others have argued that these rules provide loopholes for financial engineering and fail to provide a true and fair image of the business. It has also been noted that sometimes these rules fail to capture the details of targeted cases. Another negative phase of these rules is that they fail to provide solutions in the event of gaps (Kotas, 1999). Management can also choose to observe all those accounting treatments that favor their interests and avoid those that will define real position of the business. However, it is worth to acknowledge the fact that these rules play a major role in ensuring a fair competit ion of international businesses which operate in more than one national market. However, it is fairer to say that observance of these legal and regulatory frameworks significantly contribute to preparation of statements which portray a companys real performance. The different legal and regulatory frameworks should be flexible enough to accommodate new situations in the business. A relevant and reliable makes it easier for users of financial information to analyze those statements. Describe how different laws and regulations relate with accounting and reporting standards? (Pass P4) Provide the regulatory framework of any country other than UK and compare it with UK regulatory framework (Distinction 1) There are several accounting bodies which guide the accounting environment and significantly determine the success of a business. Security and exchange commission aimed at eliminating abusive stock market collision that had accumulated and resulted to instability in stock markets. Security and exchange commission ensures that publicly reporting business adhere with the generally agreed accounting principles. Financial accounting standards board (FASB) provides a plane set of standards to be observed when presenting financial statements to the public (Atkinson et al,1995). It aims at shielding the investors from fraud of business owners. Internal accounting standards board was founded to come up with comprehensible financial accounting reports (Messenger and Shaw, 1993). There is also the government accounting standards board (GASB) which aimed at establishing standards of helpful information that will aid users of reports to understand the reports in a much better way. On the second part of this question, the country of my choice is Kenya. In 1998, the council of Institute of Certified Public Accountants of Kenya set IFRS (International financial reporting standards) as the accounting standard in Kenya. From then henceforth, all the companies were requested to prepare their financial statements in accordance with IFRS. However, in Kenya there is a significant gap that has been observed between applicable accounting standards and the real practice by companies. In 1969, the UK ICAEW issued the statement of intent on accounting standard. This statement made it clear that standards will be generated in future with four main goals. The first goal was to reduce the dissimilarities and diversity in accounting principles. Second, was to disclose the accounting foundations. Third, disclose the diversion from established standards and eventually explain the broad exposure for main new accounting proposals. There have been a number of committees which have been formed si nce then all with the aim of improving accounting disclosure. Requirement 2.1 The following is a trial balance from auto electrical ltd as at 31 March 2005  £  £ Ordinary shares of 50 p each 400,000 10% Redeemable Preference shares of  £1 each 200,000 Retained profits as at 1 April 2004 42,475 Office block (Land  £40,000) 170,000 Plant and machinery 730,000 Office equipment 110,000 Motor vehicles 200,000 Provision for depreciation Plant and Machinery 224,500 Office equipment 24,500 Motor vehicles 80,000 Accounts receivables/Payables 500,000 356,226 Provision for doubtful debts 1,000 Manufacturing wages 501,400 Inventory as at 1 April 2004 raw materials 70,000 Work in progress 126,000 Finished goods 250,000 Transport expenses 85,013 Returns inwards 15,106 Purchases of raw materials 518,600 Sales 2,600,147 Bank balance 60,020 Directors salaries 60,114 Maintenance of plan t 30,102 Rent 40,063 Advertising 190,048 Rates 50,171 Insurance 20,116 Office salaries 166,013 Light and heat 46,027 Factory power 30,014 Bank interest 7,070 Interim dividends on preference shares 10,000 General administration expenses 63,011 _________ 3,988,868 3,988,868 Further information is as follows: Depreciation is to be provided as follows: Plant and machinery 15% on cost. (Production expense) Office equipment 10% on cost (administration expense) Motor vehicles 25% on WDV (distribution cost) New office blocks 2% on cost (Administration expense). As at 31 March 2005 rates were prepaid by  £3,140 . Outstanding light and heat as at 31 march 05 is  £1,214 and rent is  £2,321 Rent, rates, light and heat and insurance are to be apportioned in the ratio of 5:1 in relation to factory and office expenses. The company makes a provision of 1% for doubtful debts on all accounts receivables. The production director is paid  £20,000.  £64,237 is included Office salaries  £100,000 is to be provided for corporation tax During the year 1,500 electrical equipments were transferred from the factory to the warehouse. Only 100 equipments were in hand at the end of the year. At 31 March 2005 Inventory was: Raw materials  £56,200. Work in progress  £47,190. Finished goods ? Classifying expenses by function Auto transmission Income Statement for the year ended 31/03/2005  £  £ Revenue 2,585,041 Cost of sales (1,586,692) Gross profit 998,349 Expenses Distribution expenses 373,298 Administration expenses 244,489 Finance costs 27,070 (644,857) Profit before tax 353,492 Income tax expense (100,000) Profit for the period 253,492 Classifying expenses by nature Auto Transmission  £  £ Revenue 2,585,041 Expenses Raw materials consumed 532,40 Changes in finished goods and work in progress 233,332 Depreciation 153,100 Employee benefits 727,527 Other expenses 558,120 Finance costs 27,070 2,231,549 Profit before tax 353,492 Income tax expense (100,000) Profit for the period 253,492 Auto Transmission Balance sheet as at 31/03/2005  £  £ NON-CURRENT ASSETS Property, Plant and Equipment 727,900 CURRENT ASSETS Inventory 198,868 Accounts receivables 495,000 Prepayments 3,980 697,848 TOTAL ASSETS 1,425,748 EQUITY AND LIABILITIES Ordinary share capital 400,000 RESERVES Retained profits 295,967 Shareholders funds 695,967 NON-CURRENT LIABILITIES 10% Redeemable preference shares 200,000 CURRENT LIABILITIES Bank overdraft 60,020 Trade payables 356,226 Accruals 13,535 Current tax 100,000 529,781 Total Equity and Liabilities 1,425,748 Workings  £ Revenue 2,600,147 Less return inwards (15,106) 2,585,041 Cost of sales Opening inventory : Finished goods Cost of finished goods 250,000 1,682,170 Less: closing inventory of finished goods (95,478) 1,586,692 Factory cost of finished goods Manufacturing account  £  £ Opening inventory : raw materials 70,000 Purchases of raw materials 518,600 588,600 Less: Closing stock inventory raw materials (56,200) Raw materials consumed 532,400 Direct labour: Manufacturing wages 501,400 PRIME COSTS 1,033,800 Factory overheads Directors salaries : Factory manager 20,000 Maintenance of plant 30,102 Rent 35,320 Rates 39,192.50 Insurance 16,063 Light and hear 39,376.50 Factory power 30,014 Depreciation on plant 109,500 319,560 Total cost of production 1,353,369 Add: Opening WIP 126,000 1,479,360 Less: Closing W.I.P 47,190 Factory cost of finished goods 1,42,170 Value of closing stock/finished goods: 1,432,170 x 100 = 95,478 =95,478 1500 Expenses Distribution Administration Finance costs Transport 85,013 Directors salaries 40,114 Rent 7,064 Advertising 190,048 Rates 7,838 Insurance 3,213 Office salaries 101,776 Light and heat 7,873 Bank interest 7,070 Preference dividends (redeemable) 20,000 Salesmen salaries 64,237 Increase in provision for bad debts 4,000 Depreciation on new office block 2,600 office equipment 11,00 motor vehicles 30,000 General administration expense ______ 63,011 _____ 373,298 244,489 27,070 Workings for classification by nature Changes in finished goods and W .I. P Finished goods Work in progress TOTAL  £  £  £ Closing inventory 95,478 47,190 142,668 Opening inventory (250,000) (126,000) (376,000) Increase (decrease) (154,522) (78,810) (233,332) An increase is treated as a saving while a decrease is an expense . Depreciation Plant and machinery 109,500 New office block 2,600 Office equipment 11,000 Motor vehicles 30,000 153,100 Employee benefits Manufacturing wages 501,400 Factory manger salary 20,000 Director salaries 40,114 Office salaries 101,776 Salesman salaries 64,237 727,527 Other expenses Transport 85,013 Rent 42,384 Advertising 190,048 Rates 47,031 Insurance 19,276 Ling and heat 47,241 Plant maintenance 30,102 Factor power 30,014 Provision for bad debts 4,000 Bank interest 7,070 General administration 63,011 558,120 Property, Plant and Equipment Cost Depreciation to date Net Book value Office block 170,000 2,600 167,400 Plant and machinery 730,000 334,000 396,000 Office equipment 110,000 35,500 74,500 Motor vehicles 200,000 110,000 90,000 727,900 Prepayments and Accruals Prepayments Accruals Rates 3,140 Light and heat 1,214 Insurance 840 Rent 2,321 ____ Dividend on redeemable preference shares 10,000 3,980 13,535 Retained profits Balance c/d 42,475 42,475 Profit for the period 253,492 Retained earnings 295,967 Gross profit margin profit/sales= 998,349/2585041=38.62% Net profit margin profit/sales= 295,967/2,585,041=11% Differential 38.62-11= 27.62 Requirement 2.2 Utah textile Incomes statement for the year ending 31 December 2009 Sh. Sh. revenue 476000 Expenses Advertising expense 14500 Supplies Expenses 31500 Rent expense 12000 Miscellaneous expense 5100 Salaries expense 78000 Utilities expense 2500 (143600) Profit before tax 332400 Net income 109450 Total income 441850 Income tax expense (132555) Profit for the period 309295 Distribution to owners (48100) retained earnings 261195 Balance sheet as at 31 december 2009 Non Current Assets Sh. Sh. buildings 512000 land 90000 Current assets supplies 4250 account Receivables 95000 Cash 63000 162250 TOTAL ASSETS 764250 Ordinary Share Capital 310300 Retained Profits 261195 Shareholders funds 571495 Non-Current Liabilities mortgage payable 423400 Current Liabilities Trade payables 74300 Current tax 132555 Proposed dividends 48100 265400 TOTAL EQUITY LIABILITIES 764250 Requirement 2.3 Below is the group financial statement for Albar machinery distributors ltd. On October 1997 Albar purchased stake in Nguo. Later this group bought stake in kipi. BELOW UU Income statements for the year ended 31 March 2000 for: Albar Ltd Nguo Ltd Kipi Ltd Sh.m Sh.m Sh.m Revenue 1,368 774 685 Cost of sales (810) (407) (355) Gross profit 558 367 330 Distribution costs (196) (64) (78) Administration expenses (112) (73) (72) Finance cost (50) (20) 0 Profit before tax 200 210 180 Income tax expense (60) (60) (50) Profit after tax 140 150 130 Proposed dividends (150) (100) (100) Retained profits for the year (10) 50 30 Retained profits brought forward 713 610 420 Retained profit carried forward 703 660 450 Balance sheet as at 31 March 2000 Albar Ltd Nguo Ltd Kipi Ltd Noncurrent assets sh.m sh.m sh.m Property, plant and equipment 853 415 495 Investment in Nguo 702 Investment in kipi 405 1555 820 495 Current assets Inventory 368 200 190 Trade receivables 380 230 240 Cash at bank 120 115 91 Total assets 2,423 1,365 1,016 Ordinary share capital 900 200 100 Retained profits 703 660 450 Shareholders funds 1,603 860 550 Noncurrent liabilities 10% loan stock 500 200 0 Current liabilities Trade and other payables 140 175 346 Current tax 30 30 20 Proposed Dividends 150 100 100 Total equity and liabilities 2,423 1,365 1,016 Albar and Its subsidiaries Consolidated Income statement for the year ended 31 March 2000 Sh. Sh. Revenue 2,507.00 Cost of Sales (1,322.00) Gross Profit 1,185.00 Expenses Distribution Costs 338.00 Administration Expenses 261.00 Goodwill impaired 55.00 Finance costs 60.00 (714.00) Profit before tax 471.00 Income tax expense (170.00) Profit for the period 301.00 Profit attributable to: Holding Company 228.60 Minority interest 72.40 301.00 Consolidated Balance sheet as at 31 March 2000 Non Current Assets Sh. Sh. Property, plant and equipment 1,755.00 Goodwill 55.00 1,810.00 Current assets Inventory 728.00 Trade Receivables 808.00 Cash at bank 326.00 1,862.00 TOTAL ASSETS 3,672.00 Ordinary Share Capital 900.00 Retained Profits 957.20 1,857.20 Minority Interest 330.80 Shareholders funds 2,188.00 Non-Current Liabilities 10% Loanstock 600.00 Current Liabilities Trade Other payables 609.00 Current tax 80.00 Proposed dividends 195.00 884.00 TOTAL EQUITY LIABILITIES 3,672.00 Statement of retained profits b/f Yr C/f Albar 713.00 (25.00) 688.00 Share in Nguo 96.00 100.00 196.00 Share in kipi 69.60 3.60 73.20 878.60 78.60 957.20 Workings Albar As per the accounts 713.00 (10.00) 703.00 Add Divs receivable 80.00 80.00 Interest receivable 10.00 10.00 Less UPPPE (50.00) (50.00) Less Goodwill Impaired (55.00) (55.00) 713.00 (25.00) 688.00 Share in Nguo As per the accounts 610.00 50.00 660.00 Less preacquisition (490.00) ____- (490.00) 120.00 50.00 170.00 Less UPCS (10.00) (10.00) Add excess depreciation 10.00 10.00 Add Divs Receivable _____- 75.00 75.00