Data Communication Using the Top-Down Approach Essay - 2

Data Communication Using the Top-Down Approach - Essay Example According to Hicks (2004), this the top down emphasizes on planning as well as a total understanding of the system and in this case coding does not begin until a sufficient level of detail has been attained. This design was promoted by Harlan Mils who was an IBM researcher and Niklaus Wirth in the 1970s. Â  Equity first a mortgage brokerage company located in New England has a centralized operations center. This center which is located in Exeter, New Hampshire, is the center of all operations and it, therefore, controls all the operations of the other ten branches in Maine and Massachusetts. It is also the administrative center as it hosts departments such as accounting, human resources, executive management, and support staff. The operations center maintains a central database used to store customer information, such as loan applications, credit check information, and approval status. This fulfills the first requirement that the top-down model needs to have a central office that manages all the operations. Â  Computer networking using the top-down approach focuses on new short interlude and eventual ‘putting it all together’ that follows the coverage of the network, data link layers, transport awe well as application (Hicks 2004). Each office at Equity first is now self-reliant as they do not rely on the main office to ensure maintenance as well as effective communication. It is also responsible for the decrease in errors when it comes to operations hence no delays or breaks downs in communication takes place because each operation takes place separately. It is also quite easy to maintain because the errors are few and are easy to identify and correct.

Business Law Essay Example for Free

Business Law Essay You are to work on this assignment alone without assistance from others; however, you may use your text, class lectures and your notes in completing the assignment. Points earned from this assignment will be added to your total point score for the semester. (See the course syllabus for the course grading scale.) Due Date Mon., Nov. 12th: This is an out-of-class assignment and is to be turned in no later than the beginning of class on the due date. The Assignment: Read the news articles and the federal regulations that follow. Answer the questions about potential claims. Please note: †¢ Your answers are to be marked on the Assignment. Mark clearly to show which answer you have selected. †¢ Write your name on the Assignment Sheet. Submit a hard copy of the entire Assignment Sheet. NTSB releases details on Lake Butler crash No charges have been filed against bus driver, although a criminal investigation continues. By ASSOCIATED PRESS Published February 3, 2006 LAKE BUTLER, FLORIDA – The truck driver who plowed into a car at a school bus stop last week killing seven children had been awake for 34 hours, except for a short nap, an investigator with the National Transportation Safety Board said Friday. David Rayburn, the lead NTSB investigator for the Lake Butler crash, said the 31-year-old truck driver, Alvin Wilkerson, was refusing to talk to investigators about the accident. Rayburn and Florida Highway Patrol Lt. Bill Leeper refused to release the name of Wilkerson’s attorney. Calls to Crete Carrier Corp., the Lincoln, Nebraska, trucking company Wilkerson drove for, were not immediately returned. Blood tests showed he had not been using alcohol or drugs, Leeper said. Wilkerson was not using his cell phone at the time of the accident. No charges have been filed against Wilkerson, although a criminal investigation continues. Rayburn said driver fatigue was one of main factors being looked into as the cause of the crash. â€Å"He was driving quite a bit during those 34 hours, probably too much,† Rayburn said, adding that Wilkerson was making deliveries and loading and unloading his truck. At the time of the crash, Wilkerson was driving a load of bottled water from High Springs to Jacksonville, a trip of about 85 miles. The NTSB, using an identical school bus and truck, determined the school bus should have been visible for about 3,000 feet (more than half a mile) and there was some light skid marks before hitting the car and pushing it into the school bus. The car burst into flames, killing all seven children, and forcing it under the school bus, carrying nine children. Two children from the bus remain at Shands hospital in Gainesvile in serious condition. When asked when Wilkerson saw the bus, Rayburn said, â€Å"I don’t know that he did.† Rayburn said both the bus driver and the truck driver had valid commercial licenses. He noted that the driver of the car, Nikki Mann, was only 15, and had only a learner’s permit. She was talking on her cell phone when the truck hit the back of her car. Sheriff Jerry Whitehead said the crash was not Nikki Mann’s fault. â€Å"Accidents happen. This was a tragedy. I don’t believe she was at all at fault. The truck plowed into them and killed them.† Rayburn said there were no mechanical problems with any of the vehicles involved and a recorder on the truck did not show the impact. Investigators don’t know if a dog riding in Wilkerson’s truck played any part in the collision. Rayburn said he investigated a 2004 crash in which a Crete Carrier driver had been driving excessive hours. That incident involved a multi-car pile-up on the Indiana toll road near Chicago resulting in two fatalities, including the Crete driver. NTSB records show Crete has been cited fourteen times in the last six years for driver hour violations. This tiny Union City town has been mourning since the crash last week. On Monday, the five children of Terry and Barbara Mann were buried after a service at the First Christian Church in Lake Butler. They were Nikki, 15, and adopted children Elizabeth, 15, Johnny, 13, Heaven, 3, and 20-month-old Anthony. Their cousins, twins Ashley and Amanda Finn, 13, were buried Wednesday next to the body of William Edwin Scott, 70, the grandfather of the seven children, who died of a heart attack after hearing about the accident. Fatal Accident Driver Has Long Legal History Investigators are still piecing together why an 18-wheeler slammed into the back of a car and school bus in Lake Butler yesterday, causing seven children to die. The truck that was involved in the accident was owned and operated by Crete Carrier Corp. It’s a trucking company that has a pretty good reputation for safety nationwide. But the driver who was behind the wheel had anything but that. The WESH 2 I-Team discovered that he has a long history of problems with the law. According to driving records obtained by the I-Team, Alvin Wilkerson has been cited for eight traffic violations since 1995, including two speeding tickets and two seat belt violations. He’s also been cited twice for driving with a suspended or revoked license and twice more for operating a motor vehicle in an unsafe condition. Wilkerson, age 31, was driving for Crete Carrier Corp., which is headquartered in Lincoln, Neb. Crete employs 5,400 drivers operating 5,100 tractor-trailers around the country. According to Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration records, Crete carries a satisfactory safety rating. Even so, the I-Team discovered that in the last two years, Crete drivers have been involved in 482 crashes and 20 of those ended in fatalities. In Florida, transportation officials conducted 259 inspections of Crete trucks and drivers in the last two years alone and found 111 violations. Eight of those violations were so serious that inspectors immediately forced the trucks out of service and off the road. WESH 2 News asked Crete officials why they would hire someone with Wilkerson’s driving record, but they did not respond. A Florida Highway Patrol investigation of the accident continues. An investigator said they are checking on the truck’s systems. He said there was no indication that the truck’s brakes failed, but it appears the truck made no effort to stop before it slammed into that car full of children. Seven children, all related, perished in the crash when the car burst into flames. Their bodies were charred beyond recognition. Eight children on the school bus and the driver were transported to Shands HealthCare hospitals. Three of the children are reported in critical condition. Alvin Wilkerson suffered minor injuries and is reportedly at home.

The Implication For Users Of Financial Statements Accounting Essay

The Implication For Users Of Financial Statements Accounting Essay Financial statements should be well understood by those who read it especially those individuals who have considerable knowledge of business and economic world and those ones willing to learn the information carefully. There are various users of financial statements. These users are classified into two broad categories. These users have different purposes for using these statements. The first category of these users is the internal users. The internal users refer to those individuals who have direct interest to the activities of the organization. They include: 1) Managers and owners need financial statements so as to make business decisions. They analyze the information provided by financial statements so as to obtain a clear position of the organization. Variable elements of financial reports such as the ratio of current debt to equity ratio is vital in making a decision on the amount of long run capital that needs to be available;2)employees form the second group of internal users of financial statements. Employees require this information especially when making joint collective bargains (Dyson, 1996). Such statements are of significant importance when discussing issues concerning promotion, salary increase and rankings. External users include: 1) institutional investors who use the financial reports to evaluate the financial capability of the business so as to make reasonable investment decisions; 2) Various financial institutions like banks and other loan bodies need to evaluate financial reports of businesses before lending them money; 3) the government also analyzes financial statement of different companies so as to prove if they paying taxes accurately ;4) the general public as well as the mass media may be interested in analyzing the statements of certain businesses. 1.2-What are the different aspects of legal and regulatory framework that relates to financial statements? There are different methods which can be followed when presenting financial statements. Rules-based accounting is made up of precise rules that must be observed during preparation of financial statements. Many accountants prefer the use of this method so that they reduce their liability in the event misjudgments. In situation whereby the management decides not to use rule-base accounting, it can choose to employ other accounting policies in preparing their financial statement (Guilding, 2002). However, this can be challenging because there are some policies which do conflict. Companies which need to included in stock exchange in more than a single country need to prepare their statements in accordance with GAAP. There are several reasons why it is necessary to have regulatory framework guiding financial reporting within countries and on international level. One of the reasons regard to irregular information (Moncarz and Portocarrero, 1986). Assume a scenario whereby the manager of th e company is the one responsible for preparation of financial reports. This responsibility gives the manager the opportunity to access financial information which other members of the organization do not. Managers can take advantage of this privilege to exploit the statements so as to favor their own personal interest. Therefore, there must be regulation on reporting to stop insiders from exploiting financial statements. Another important factor to be considered is reliability and relevance of financial statements. Access the implication for users of financial statements? The different aspects of legal and regulatory framework have significant implication for users of financial statements. Some of the users of financial statements have complained that some of the regulations add unimportant complexities. The basis behind their argument is that there are some rules which are extremely detailed, with standards extending to more than hundred pages. Others have argued that these rules provide loopholes for financial engineering and fail to provide a true and fair image of the business. It has also been noted that sometimes these rules fail to capture the details of targeted cases. Another negative phase of these rules is that they fail to provide solutions in the event of gaps (Kotas, 1999). Management can also choose to observe all those accounting treatments that favor their interests and avoid those that will define real position of the business. However, it is worth to acknowledge the fact that these rules play a major role in ensuring a fair competit ion of international businesses which operate in more than one national market. However, it is fairer to say that observance of these legal and regulatory frameworks significantly contribute to preparation of statements which portray a companys real performance. The different legal and regulatory frameworks should be flexible enough to accommodate new situations in the business. A relevant and reliable makes it easier for users of financial information to analyze those statements. Describe how different laws and regulations relate with accounting and reporting standards? (Pass P4) Provide the regulatory framework of any country other than UK and compare it with UK regulatory framework (Distinction 1) There are several accounting bodies which guide the accounting environment and significantly determine the success of a business. Security and exchange commission aimed at eliminating abusive stock market collision that had accumulated and resulted to instability in stock markets. Security and exchange commission ensures that publicly reporting business adhere with the generally agreed accounting principles. Financial accounting standards board (FASB) provides a plane set of standards to be observed when presenting financial statements to the public (Atkinson et al,1995). It aims at shielding the investors from fraud of business owners. Internal accounting standards board was founded to come up with comprehensible financial accounting reports (Messenger and Shaw, 1993). There is also the government accounting standards board (GASB) which aimed at establishing standards of helpful information that will aid users of reports to understand the reports in a much better way. On the second part of this question, the country of my choice is Kenya. In 1998, the council of Institute of Certified Public Accountants of Kenya set IFRS (International financial reporting standards) as the accounting standard in Kenya. From then henceforth, all the companies were requested to prepare their financial statements in accordance with IFRS. However, in Kenya there is a significant gap that has been observed between applicable accounting standards and the real practice by companies. In 1969, the UK ICAEW issued the statement of intent on accounting standard. This statement made it clear that standards will be generated in future with four main goals. The first goal was to reduce the dissimilarities and diversity in accounting principles. Second, was to disclose the accounting foundations. Third, disclose the diversion from established standards and eventually explain the broad exposure for main new accounting proposals. There have been a number of committees which have been formed si nce then all with the aim of improving accounting disclosure. Requirement 2.1 The following is a trial balance from auto electrical ltd as at 31 March 2005  £  £ Ordinary shares of 50 p each 400,000 10% Redeemable Preference shares of  £1 each 200,000 Retained profits as at 1 April 2004 42,475 Office block (Land  £40,000) 170,000 Plant and machinery 730,000 Office equipment 110,000 Motor vehicles 200,000 Provision for depreciation Plant and Machinery 224,500 Office equipment 24,500 Motor vehicles 80,000 Accounts receivables/Payables 500,000 356,226 Provision for doubtful debts 1,000 Manufacturing wages 501,400 Inventory as at 1 April 2004 raw materials 70,000 Work in progress 126,000 Finished goods 250,000 Transport expenses 85,013 Returns inwards 15,106 Purchases of raw materials 518,600 Sales 2,600,147 Bank balance 60,020 Directors salaries 60,114 Maintenance of plan t 30,102 Rent 40,063 Advertising 190,048 Rates 50,171 Insurance 20,116 Office salaries 166,013 Light and heat 46,027 Factory power 30,014 Bank interest 7,070 Interim dividends on preference shares 10,000 General administration expenses 63,011 _________ 3,988,868 3,988,868 Further information is as follows: Depreciation is to be provided as follows: Plant and machinery 15% on cost. (Production expense) Office equipment 10% on cost (administration expense) Motor vehicles 25% on WDV (distribution cost) New office blocks 2% on cost (Administration expense). As at 31 March 2005 rates were prepaid by  £3,140 . Outstanding light and heat as at 31 march 05 is  £1,214 and rent is  £2,321 Rent, rates, light and heat and insurance are to be apportioned in the ratio of 5:1 in relation to factory and office expenses. The company makes a provision of 1% for doubtful debts on all accounts receivables. The production director is paid  £20,000.  £64,237 is included Office salaries  £100,000 is to be provided for corporation tax During the year 1,500 electrical equipments were transferred from the factory to the warehouse. Only 100 equipments were in hand at the end of the year. At 31 March 2005 Inventory was: Raw materials  £56,200. Work in progress  £47,190. Finished goods ? Classifying expenses by function Auto transmission Income Statement for the year ended 31/03/2005  £  £ Revenue 2,585,041 Cost of sales (1,586,692) Gross profit 998,349 Expenses Distribution expenses 373,298 Administration expenses 244,489 Finance costs 27,070 (644,857) Profit before tax 353,492 Income tax expense (100,000) Profit for the period 253,492 Classifying expenses by nature Auto Transmission  £  £ Revenue 2,585,041 Expenses Raw materials consumed 532,40 Changes in finished goods and work in progress 233,332 Depreciation 153,100 Employee benefits 727,527 Other expenses 558,120 Finance costs 27,070 2,231,549 Profit before tax 353,492 Income tax expense (100,000) Profit for the period 253,492 Auto Transmission Balance sheet as at 31/03/2005  £  £ NON-CURRENT ASSETS Property, Plant and Equipment 727,900 CURRENT ASSETS Inventory 198,868 Accounts receivables 495,000 Prepayments 3,980 697,848 TOTAL ASSETS 1,425,748 EQUITY AND LIABILITIES Ordinary share capital 400,000 RESERVES Retained profits 295,967 Shareholders funds 695,967 NON-CURRENT LIABILITIES 10% Redeemable preference shares 200,000 CURRENT LIABILITIES Bank overdraft 60,020 Trade payables 356,226 Accruals 13,535 Current tax 100,000 529,781 Total Equity and Liabilities 1,425,748 Workings  £ Revenue 2,600,147 Less return inwards (15,106) 2,585,041 Cost of sales Opening inventory : Finished goods Cost of finished goods 250,000 1,682,170 Less: closing inventory of finished goods (95,478) 1,586,692 Factory cost of finished goods Manufacturing account  £  £ Opening inventory : raw materials 70,000 Purchases of raw materials 518,600 588,600 Less: Closing stock inventory raw materials (56,200) Raw materials consumed 532,400 Direct labour: Manufacturing wages 501,400 PRIME COSTS 1,033,800 Factory overheads Directors salaries : Factory manager 20,000 Maintenance of plant 30,102 Rent 35,320 Rates 39,192.50 Insurance 16,063 Light and hear 39,376.50 Factory power 30,014 Depreciation on plant 109,500 319,560 Total cost of production 1,353,369 Add: Opening WIP 126,000 1,479,360 Less: Closing W.I.P 47,190 Factory cost of finished goods 1,42,170 Value of closing stock/finished goods: 1,432,170 x 100 = 95,478 =95,478 1500 Expenses Distribution Administration Finance costs Transport 85,013 Directors salaries 40,114 Rent 7,064 Advertising 190,048 Rates 7,838 Insurance 3,213 Office salaries 101,776 Light and heat 7,873 Bank interest 7,070 Preference dividends (redeemable) 20,000 Salesmen salaries 64,237 Increase in provision for bad debts 4,000 Depreciation on new office block 2,600 office equipment 11,00 motor vehicles 30,000 General administration expense ______ 63,011 _____ 373,298 244,489 27,070 Workings for classification by nature Changes in finished goods and W .I. P Finished goods Work in progress TOTAL  £  £  £ Closing inventory 95,478 47,190 142,668 Opening inventory (250,000) (126,000) (376,000) Increase (decrease) (154,522) (78,810) (233,332) An increase is treated as a saving while a decrease is an expense . Depreciation Plant and machinery 109,500 New office block 2,600 Office equipment 11,000 Motor vehicles 30,000 153,100 Employee benefits Manufacturing wages 501,400 Factory manger salary 20,000 Director salaries 40,114 Office salaries 101,776 Salesman salaries 64,237 727,527 Other expenses Transport 85,013 Rent 42,384 Advertising 190,048 Rates 47,031 Insurance 19,276 Ling and heat 47,241 Plant maintenance 30,102 Factor power 30,014 Provision for bad debts 4,000 Bank interest 7,070 General administration 63,011 558,120 Property, Plant and Equipment Cost Depreciation to date Net Book value Office block 170,000 2,600 167,400 Plant and machinery 730,000 334,000 396,000 Office equipment 110,000 35,500 74,500 Motor vehicles 200,000 110,000 90,000 727,900 Prepayments and Accruals Prepayments Accruals Rates 3,140 Light and heat 1,214 Insurance 840 Rent 2,321 ____ Dividend on redeemable preference shares 10,000 3,980 13,535 Retained profits Balance c/d 42,475 42,475 Profit for the period 253,492 Retained earnings 295,967 Gross profit margin profit/sales= 998,349/2585041=38.62% Net profit margin profit/sales= 295,967/2,585,041=11% Differential 38.62-11= 27.62 Requirement 2.2 Utah textile Incomes statement for the year ending 31 December 2009 Sh. Sh. revenue 476000 Expenses Advertising expense 14500 Supplies Expenses 31500 Rent expense 12000 Miscellaneous expense 5100 Salaries expense 78000 Utilities expense 2500 (143600) Profit before tax 332400 Net income 109450 Total income 441850 Income tax expense (132555) Profit for the period 309295 Distribution to owners (48100) retained earnings 261195 Balance sheet as at 31 december 2009 Non Current Assets Sh. Sh. buildings 512000 land 90000 Current assets supplies 4250 account Receivables 95000 Cash 63000 162250 TOTAL ASSETS 764250 Ordinary Share Capital 310300 Retained Profits 261195 Shareholders funds 571495 Non-Current Liabilities mortgage payable 423400 Current Liabilities Trade payables 74300 Current tax 132555 Proposed dividends 48100 265400 TOTAL EQUITY LIABILITIES 764250 Requirement 2.3 Below is the group financial statement for Albar machinery distributors ltd. On October 1997 Albar purchased stake in Nguo. Later this group bought stake in kipi. BELOW UU Income statements for the year ended 31 March 2000 for: Albar Ltd Nguo Ltd Kipi Ltd Sh.m Sh.m Sh.m Revenue 1,368 774 685 Cost of sales (810) (407) (355) Gross profit 558 367 330 Distribution costs (196) (64) (78) Administration expenses (112) (73) (72) Finance cost (50) (20) 0 Profit before tax 200 210 180 Income tax expense (60) (60) (50) Profit after tax 140 150 130 Proposed dividends (150) (100) (100) Retained profits for the year (10) 50 30 Retained profits brought forward 713 610 420 Retained profit carried forward 703 660 450 Balance sheet as at 31 March 2000 Albar Ltd Nguo Ltd Kipi Ltd Noncurrent assets sh.m sh.m sh.m Property, plant and equipment 853 415 495 Investment in Nguo 702 Investment in kipi 405 1555 820 495 Current assets Inventory 368 200 190 Trade receivables 380 230 240 Cash at bank 120 115 91 Total assets 2,423 1,365 1,016 Ordinary share capital 900 200 100 Retained profits 703 660 450 Shareholders funds 1,603 860 550 Noncurrent liabilities 10% loan stock 500 200 0 Current liabilities Trade and other payables 140 175 346 Current tax 30 30 20 Proposed Dividends 150 100 100 Total equity and liabilities 2,423 1,365 1,016 Albar and Its subsidiaries Consolidated Income statement for the year ended 31 March 2000 Sh. Sh. Revenue 2,507.00 Cost of Sales (1,322.00) Gross Profit 1,185.00 Expenses Distribution Costs 338.00 Administration Expenses 261.00 Goodwill impaired 55.00 Finance costs 60.00 (714.00) Profit before tax 471.00 Income tax expense (170.00) Profit for the period 301.00 Profit attributable to: Holding Company 228.60 Minority interest 72.40 301.00 Consolidated Balance sheet as at 31 March 2000 Non Current Assets Sh. Sh. Property, plant and equipment 1,755.00 Goodwill 55.00 1,810.00 Current assets Inventory 728.00 Trade Receivables 808.00 Cash at bank 326.00 1,862.00 TOTAL ASSETS 3,672.00 Ordinary Share Capital 900.00 Retained Profits 957.20 1,857.20 Minority Interest 330.80 Shareholders funds 2,188.00 Non-Current Liabilities 10% Loanstock 600.00 Current Liabilities Trade Other payables 609.00 Current tax 80.00 Proposed dividends 195.00 884.00 TOTAL EQUITY LIABILITIES 3,672.00 Statement of retained profits b/f Yr C/f Albar 713.00 (25.00) 688.00 Share in Nguo 96.00 100.00 196.00 Share in kipi 69.60 3.60 73.20 878.60 78.60 957.20 Workings Albar As per the accounts 713.00 (10.00) 703.00 Add Divs receivable 80.00 80.00 Interest receivable 10.00 10.00 Less UPPPE (50.00) (50.00) Less Goodwill Impaired (55.00) (55.00) 713.00 (25.00) 688.00 Share in Nguo As per the accounts 610.00 50.00 660.00 Less preacquisition (490.00) ____- (490.00) 120.00 50.00 170.00 Less UPCS (10.00) (10.00) Add excess depreciation 10.00 10.00 Add Divs Receivable _____- 75.00 75.00

How the Introduction of the Individual into a Non-traditional Sport for

How the Introduction of the Individual into a Non-traditional Sport for His or Her Gender Affects that Individual and the Sport Itself A high school age boy makes the papers when he joins the girls' varsity field hockey team at his high school. A woman is judged according to femininity rather than muscle mass in a body building competition. An African American is thought inferior to his white counterparts on the sports field. A woman is discouraged from playing contact sports under the pretext of being too delicate. All of these events have one thing in common: they, in their own context, involve individuals entering a non-traditional sport for their gender or race. Over the years, events such as these continually arise causing either promotion of the evolution of this sport, or the destruction or discouragement of similar events occurring in the future. For the most part, such events are initially held in a negative light, only to become accepted over time, nevertheless showing the scars of damage and/or the reaped benefits. The most immediate and perhaps most obvious cost of such an entrance into the untraditional is the questioning of the participant's sexuality. This inquiry is most common to women as they enter fields such as boxing and basketball. Men, however, undergo the same scrutiny as they enter traditionally feminine sports such as figure skating and synchronized swimming. The appearance of new genders in sport does however take a step in the right direction. Every opportunity seized to create some sort of equality between the sexes in athletics is a step forward for that individual, for his or her gender, and for the sport into which he or she enters. This idea is best shown through the actions of a high scho... ...al sports for their gender. This gender battle is deep, sports being merely one of the many fronts on which these differences appear. On most occasions, this experience is difficult for the athlete. They are analyzed, questioned, and observed, all of which makes life very difficult. It is however, for the benefit of their gender, race, and for sport itself that such modifications are made, that such alterations in sport are evolved. Works Cited "The American Dream and Sport." ESS 200 Course Reader. 1-54 Banet-Weiser, Sarah. "Hoop Dreams: Professional Basketball and the Politics of Race and Gender." Journal of Sport and Social Issues. Volume 23, Number 4 (November 1999): 403-420 Holmlund, Christine Anne. "Visible Difference and Flex Appeal: The Body, Sex, Sexuality, and Race in the Pumping Iron Films." Cinema Journal. Volume 28 (Summer 1989): 299-310

Frankenstein and Blade Runner Essay

Blade Runner’s Eldon Tyrell proclaims the company’s motto as ‘more human than human’. How has the notion of humanity been explored in Frankenstein and Blade Runner? Thesis: The nature of humanity is progression, when we progress too far we play God and lose basic traits of humanity. Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein draws on concerns from the romantics era to illustrate the instinctive and greedy appetite for progression that is part of the nature of humanity. Furthermore Ridley Scott’s Blade Runner touches on Shelley’s notions of danger in human enterprise and the uncontrollable drive of scientific evolution. These texts critically inquire into the follies of greed, and moral corruption. Despite there being over 150 years between their compositions these texts similarly represent the consequences of playing God, and in turn the loss of humanity that goes with it. The common thematic concerns of these texts are explored through the use of camera angles, imagery, tone and metaphor. Both Frankenstein and Blade Runner portray how the ambition to break through human limitations in an act to play God is bound to result in failure. The religious imagery used when Frankenstein grants the â€Å"spark of life† upon the Creature in his effort to â€Å"pour a torrent of light into our dark world† helps us come to the conclusion that the Creature is the very embodiment of the monstrosity that humans are capable of creating. The metaphor of light in, â€Å"until from the midst of this darkness a sudden light broke in upon me† conveys Victor’s instinctive awakening to the possibility of creating a perfect being impervious to diseases. Such an unmentionable act trespasses the realm of the godlike providence, signifying the beginning of Frankenstein’s blindness. He is quick to realise that he has created a monster, as shown by the regretful tone in, â€Å"I beheld the wretch – the miserable monster whom I had created. † This depicts that untamed human ambition can lead to the inadvertent creation of the ‘grotesque’ when playing a human God. Similarly in Blade Runner, the dystopian world demonstrates the aftermath of humanity’s desire to create a better society when playing God. The opening panoramic shot portrays a decaying city dominated by industrial buildings. This decaying city works in conjunction with the recurring motif of artificial neon lighting and eerie sounds to create a cold dark ambience. Blade Runner’s shadowy atmosphere is symbolic of the lack of warmth, affection and family which has been created by the human need of progression. Such technological defeat indicates humanity has gone too far, resulting in complete destruction of nature. Furthermore Tyrell’s malicious need for god like power over the replicants he creates is shown when he states â€Å"If we gift them with a past, we create a cushion or a pillow for their emotions, and consequently, we can control them better. † The incessant need for supremacy displayed depicts an obvious intention to play God and appropriately, the human beings in this alternate future seem artificial and lacking humanity. Both texts warn the audience about the dangers of human ambition to progress in science which holds the capacity for not only devastating the environment but also humanity itself. The two texts comment on mankind’s loss of humanity. Shelley depicts this theme through the dichotomy between the creature and Victor, his creator. The creature is able to show basic human instincts as it relates to â€Å"the pleasant showers and genial warmth† of nature on it’s pilgrimage through the wilderness. In contrast, Victor shows â€Å"insensibility to (natures) charms† while creating the creature by containing himself in a â€Å"deep dark deathlike solitude†, this alliteration is metaphoric of Victor’s inability to relate to nature and display basic human qualities which the creature can. This directly relates to the romantic era, when Shelley wrote Frankenstein and that the appreciation of nature was considered inseparable from the human experience. Therefore, this dichotomy is metaphoric of mankind’s loss of humanity. Scott reinforces mankind’s loss of humanity through the execution of the Tyrell Corporations motto â€Å"more human than human. † The loss of humanity can be seen in the contrast between replicants and humans. Pris is wearing a bridal gown while hiding from Deckard; this is metaphoric of the replicants ability to feel emotions of love and familial belonging, a basic human instinct which the humans of this world are unable to feel. J. F Sebastian’s ironic dialogue â€Å"I make friends, they’re toys, my friends are toys† shows that humans no longer have real families and have lost the ability to develop relationships naturally. Contrasted again by Batty’s howl of pain at the death of Pris, this is symbolic of the familial bonds and relationships formed between replicants. Not only does this comparison establish the motto â€Å"more human than human† as a truism, it is symbolic of Scott building upon Shelley’s original depiction of mankind’s loss of humanity thus reinforcing her warning against the amoral pursuit of science and technology. Shelley and Scott draw upon the concerns of their times; the characters warn us that overstepping our boundaries and unrestrained scientific advancement comes with a consequence. The texts critically inquire into the human ability to commit monstrous deeds in the name of ‘progression’. It is evident that despite their contextual differences, both texts are linked through their common concerns about our inherent readiness to abandon that which distinguishes humans from all other species. Perhaps the underlying message of these texts is that despite the things we create being a reflection of ourselves and our societies, it is ultimately our creations that mould us and who we are. This is illustrated by Winston Churchill’s words â€Å"we shape the things we build, thereafter they shape us†.

Good and Bad Manners in Russia Essay

Observing etiquette and having good manners can make life of foreign people more convenient and helps to and adapt to different national features. Many norms of behavior in Russia are the same as in the whole world, but there are some special conventional rules of conduct which differs from manners of other countries. I want to list some of typical manners which exist in Russia: * For example, it’s a good manner to give up your place to woman or old person in public transport. * Also it’s very good to open the door before woman and hold the door when you go in or out of some place. * When you come to your friends’ home or you are invited to some party, you should take some present. It can be bunch of flowers, bottle of wine or some sweets. * Entering somebody’s house, you should take off your shoes in the entrance hall. * In Russia it’s typical to pay for a woman on a date. Your girlfriend wouldn’t object and it would be pleasant for her. * It’s a national feature to celebrate different occasions with jolly crowd, a lot of alcohol and dishes, playing music and singing. Foreign people can be amazed because some cheerful strangers on the street offer them â€Å"to drink for a company†. Also in Russia exist some special national holidays which people celebrate with feasting (e.g. New Year party, Epiphany, the Day of Motherland’s Protectors, Women’s Day, Easter, the 1st of May, Victory Day, the Day of Independent, the Day of Knowledge etc.) * It’s a bad manner to discuss the private life of colleagues and acquaintances. Also it’s not very good to talk about somebody’s salaries. * In Russia when you meet your friend or acquaintance it’s usual to say â€Å"Hello! How are you?†. You should ask even if you don’t want to know how he is getting on. * If you ask the woman about her age she can take umbrage and it can be very unpleasant for her. * If a man invites a woman to drink some tea in his house in Russia it could be understood as an invitation on dating. * In Russia sexual minority is not so tolerated as in Europe and USA. That is why it’s is better to avoid this subject in conversation. Discussion this theme can slow down making your career. * Russians don’t like when people speak foreign languages which they don’t understand. It can provoke distrust. * In case of celebrating some event, it’s impolite to refuse of glass when everybody is drinking especially in the moment when somebody proposes a toast to somebody’s health or success of business. Notwithstanding of  differences between Russian and foreign good and bad manners, there are common features of polite behavior. It proves that our country has fitting culture level and we must be proud of it.

Prescription Drugs - Against essays

Prescription Drugs - Against essays All Medicines, whether obtained over the counter, or on prescription, are drugs. The fact that they are legally and freely available doesn't mean that they are always beneficial to health. One of the major drug problems in our community today is the misuse of prescribed and over the counter medicines. Non-prescription pain relievers are analgesics that can be bought without a doctor's order (prescription). Non-prescription medicines can be dangerous if misused. Because non-prescription medicines like many analgesics, antihistamines and cold and flu remedies are easy to obtain, people don't usually think of them as drugs. But anyone who regularly takes non-prescription medicines is regularly taking a drug. Analgesics are medicines that help to control pain and reduce fever. Examples of analgesics that are available over the counter are: aspirin, paracetamol, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, ketoprofen and naproxen sodium. These medicines are generally safe when taken as directed. However, their heavy or long-term use can be dangerous, even fatal. The use of analgesics over a long period of time can lead to a variety of health problems, including kidney and liver disorders, anaemia and gastric ulcers. It is important to realize that, while helpful, these medicines are not completely without risk, and they should be used carefully. Analgesics will not cure whatever is causing the pain; prevent a headache; stimulate you when you feel short of energy; calm you down when you feel upset; or help you to sleep. Prescription drugs can be very dangerous if misused. A significant number of commonly prescribed medications are addictive. When a doctor prescribes a drug, it is the patients responsibility to use it as advised, and tell the doctor about any side-effects experienced. Prescriptive medicines include drugs or substances used to prevent, treat or diagnose a disease or disabling condition that can only be bought from a pharmacy after a doctor ...

Earth History Essay Example

Earth History Essay Example Earth History Essay Earth History Essay â€Å"EARTH HISTORY† Geologic Time: Geology needs a time Scale: -The prime goal of the science of geology, is to interpreting earth history. Geological time scale- -Anordered,internallyconsistent, internationally recognized sequence of time intervals, and record the life of Earth. Short history of geology: James Ussher(mid 1600s)- he determined that earth was only a few thousands of years old having been created in 4004 b. c Catastrophists(17-18cen. )-believed that earth landscape had been developed primarily by great catastrophes. John Wesley Powell(1869)- He realized that the evidence for an ancient earth is concealed in its rocks. Geologists-who concern w/ the studied the earth history ,they learned that earth is much older than anyone and its surface and interior have been changed over and over again. birth of modern geology: Uniformitarianism-It simply state that the physical, chemical, and biological laws that operate to day have also operate in the geologic past. Relative dating-key principles: Types of dates used to interpret Earth history 1. RelativeDates-meansput events in their proper sequence of formation. 2. Numerical dates-which pinpoint the time in years when an event took place. Basic Principle or rules that can be established in relative dates: Law of superposition: -It simply states that in an underformedsequence of sedimentary rocks, each bed is older than the one above it and younger than one below. Principle of original horizontality: -It means that layers of sediment are generally deposited in a horizontal position. Principleofcross-cutting relationship: -An intrusive rock body is younger than the rocks it intrudes. A fault is younger than the rock layers it cuts. Inclusions: are pieces of one rock unit that are contained within another. Sometimes it can aid the relative dating process. Unconformities: -all such breaks in the rock record are termed†unconformities†. â€Å"3 basic types of unconformities:† 1. Angular unconformity- it consists of tilted or folded sedimentary rocks that are overlain by younger, more flat-lying strata. 2. Disconformity-are more com mon but usually far less conspicuous, because the strata on either side are essentially parallel. 3. Nonconformity-the break separates older metamorphic or intrusive Igneous rocks from younger sedimentary strata. Correlation of rock layers: -The matching up of two or more geologic Phenomena in different areas. FOSSILS: EVIDENCE OF FAST LIFE -The remains or traces of prehistoric Life. Types of fossils: *mold fossils  (a fossilized impression made in the substrate) *cast fossils  (formed when a mold is filled in) *trace fossils (fossilized nests, gastroliths, burrows, footprints, etc. ) *true form fossils  (fossils of the actual animal or animal part). Fossils and correlation: Principle of fossil succession-states that fossil organisms originate, coexist, and disappear from the geologic record in a definite sequential order.

The topic has to be discussed with the writer Outline

The topic has to be discussed with the writer - Outline Example The research aims at answering how the ‘struggle on terror’ and the humanitarian communication reveal the use of information that imitates the genuine motives for eliminating war. Humanitarian researchers argued that, some humanitarian crises that were motivated politically could only be handled by crucial movements of state authority (Crovelli, 2007).Previously, compassionate action was not involved in humanitarian activities, and accepted within the humanitarian freedom a region free of political meddling beneath what can be referred to as a principle of silent impartiality (Abiew, 2010). This theory was accomplished by the (ICRC) International Committee of the Red Cross in the civil war of 1967-1970 in Nigerian-Biafran (Bajoria, 2008). Researchers and other human activists stimulated a political humanitarian achievement (Barber, 2009). In the beginning, it was the role of the government to provide humanitarian liberation even though the violating government failed to give permission (Abebe, 2009). The notion of humanitarian intervention about the right to interfere with humanitarian basis was second-handed by the UN in Iraq and Somalia during the 1991 and 1992, and in 1994 by the France government in Rwanda (Abbott, 2005). Complete application of this method to humanitarian achievement came in to shape United Nations Protection Force activity in Bosnia during 1994-95 (Dantiki, 2005). Evidence indicated that United Nations Protection Force function was to transport humanitarian assistance to refugees, and the surrounded civilian people in towns experiencing wars in areas like Sarajevo (Fisher, 2007). Alternatively, the main weakness of this method was that the interference did not denote stopping the real hostility that was leading to humanitarian catastrophe (Focarelli, 2008). The UN military force was only authorized to protect them, or defend the humanitarian workforce seeking to hand out aid to the civilians (Gutierrez, 2006). The

Strategic Operations for Business Development Literature review

Strategic Operations for Business Development - Literature review Example The processes involved within the food retail and service industry are complex and the amount of waste produced presents a sustainability challenge because of the environmental impact which is has. There is need for the operators within the industry to adopt sustainable operations in order to meet the existing regulatory and sustainability objectives. The sustainability of operations within the food retail and services industry in the UK has been increasingly becoming necessary as the industry continues to grow and expand. The diminishing resources like energy have necessitated the adoption of sustainable sources of energy within the industry in order to cope with the every growing demand. With the introduction of technological processes within the industry, the consumption of energy continues to become an issues of concern. Various aspects of the business operations have become affected and the sustainability challenge ought to focus efforts to the most affected areas. This should mainly be undertaken through the establishment of regulations and control within many business processes involved within the industry in the effort of implementing sustainable operation. Despite the adoption and implementation of different sustainability approaches, the pressure upon the entire industry continues to increase as a growing world population increases demand for the products within the industry. Increased production becomes necessary and this results in the industry exerting pressure upon the existing resources, while generating more waste and consuming more of the limited resources. Disposal challenges for the generated wastes have become imminent within the industry with the increased environmental concerns, the regulations existing in the waste disposal aspect of the environment continues to increase the need for the industry to become accustomed to sustainable business operations. The sustainability challenge in the food industry ought to focus on meeting

Report on corporate scandal ( XEROX ) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Report on corporate scandal ( XEROX ) - Essay Example According to Neasa (2010), the company came to be known in 1959 when it introduced Xerox 914. This increased the company’s revenue to a larger extent and also improved the company’s image to its customers. Many people moved to Xerox as a result and this led to listing of the company by Chicago Stock Exchange and New York stock exchange in 1961. It was the leading company these days. What followed were upcoming corporations with new ideas which brought a lot of competition. Knapp & Michael (2004) states that, with the naming of Archie Mccardell as the president in 1971, the company introduced its first color copier named Xerox 6500. This was meant to increase the company’s sales and especially to print shops. This was followed by constant and frequent advertising which made multitudes turn their attention to the product. The company expanded widely and ventured into production of electronic memory typewriters which made the company gain 25% market share. Around 1990, the company started developing digital photocopiers which gave it a competitive advantage over its competitors. Drucker (2011), outlines that, in 1999, Richard Thoman from IBM was brought in and made the president of the company. He brought in internal politics and this resulted into his resignation in 2000. The company introduced a red digital x to signify the transition from paperwork to digital. Chesbrough & Rosenbloom (2002), states that with the appointment of Mulcahy as the president in 2000, the company underwent a great transition which increased its profitability largely, making its initial good image resume. On April 11, 2002, the U.S Securities and Exchange Commission filed a case against Xerox for deceiving the public through use of accounting irregularities. It started investing more in research and development in order to come up with new ways and products

Why Corporate Income Tax Should Be Abolished Essay

Why Corporate Income Tax Should Be Abolished - Essay Example This would make the conditions of doing business in the country more friendly. As a result, foreign investors would flock the country in pursuit of the American dream. The main aim of the corporate income tax is to make sure that corporations too have a role to play in nation building by paying tax. The government provides the corporations with a good environment to do business and in order to support this; the government uses a substantial amount of funds. Therefore, the corporations should pay tax to ensure that the government is able to provide them with such services that enable them to be profitable. As much as the corporate income tax stands at 35%, some corporations have found ways to bring this number down to around 12%. This is has been made possible through the introduction of tax refunds. Wealthy individuals will also find ways to incorporate their wealth to their corporations’ wealth. This would mean that the government would lose more revenue. The author states that at some point in history when the personal income tax become high, wealthy individuals incorporated their wealth to that of their corporations in order to pay the much lower corporate income tax. If the corporate tax was to be scrapped off, it should be done in well calculated move. The benefits and the costs should be considered both in the long run and the short run. All the loopholes should then be closed to ensure people don’t take advantage of this as a way to avoid paying taxes. Such a move would spell danger to the American economy.

Construction Safety Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Construction Safety - Coursework Example OSHA guidelines in many states act as mere guidelines and not the law as construction accidents increase as time goes by. This has caused many states e.g. Massachusetts and Connecticut to have in place stricter guidelines that highly follow OSHA rules or supersede them. Furthermore, these states ensure that the OSHA rules are followed to the letter e.g. the 10 hr-OSHA training (Ireland, 2006). As it has been seen trenching is an area that requires huge attention as fatalities and injuries are alarmingly high. Trenching has many regulations as to safety of the workers but they are hardly followed by construction firms. The case of Robert Harrell in Texas and Martin Samaniego in California are a clear proof of how neglected OSHA guidelines are. Investigations to these cases revealed that little had been done to protect these excavators from caving in or collapsing of the trenches they were working in. These are just but two fatality cases in two dozens reported yearly in the United States. Of importance to note is that more than 1000 cases of collapsed trenches are reported annually with non-fatal injuries (Ireland, 2006). The biggest issue that concerns safety in trench-related constructions is lack of enforcement of laid down regulations or guidelines. It is sad to note that in 2004 inspections in such sites by OSHA officials proved this fact. Around 90 percent of the inspected trench sites had no protective systems in place exposing the workers to immense danger of fatalities or injuries in case of cave-ins or collapse (Ireland, 2006). The remedial action that has been in force for quite a long time is the fining system. This shows that this system has faults or loopholes that are being taken advantage of by the contractors. For this reason some firms e.g. Morrilton and Koontz Electric Co. are known to disregard OSHA rules and enforce stiffer ones in their constructions (Ireland, 2006). Although sloping,

Cross Subsidizing Political Groups in the Name of Agriculture Essay

Cross Subsidizing Political Groups in the Name of Agriculture - Essay Example The intention of the talk was making fair international law for a balanced trade approach for developing countries.This round could not fetch any results as there was no agreement on farm subsidies and market access.But it also decided to further continue talks in next negotiations. The Ministerial Declaration launching the Doha Development Agenda reflects the "broad agenda" and the focus on development.: It mandates negotiations on agriculture, industrial products, services, intellectual property (geographical indications, TRIPs, and Health), the "Singapore issues" (investment, competition, transparency in government procurement and trade facilitation), WTO rules (anti-dumping, subsidies, regional trade agreements) and trade and environment. Doha Development Agenda, European Union and WTO, Trade Issues, European Unions says that its primary objects in the WTO were multilateral trade rulemaking, market opening, the integration of developing countries in the world trade system and the improvement of the functioning of the WTO   it has believed that doing away with high tariffs, tariff peaks, and tariff escalation will significantly increase trade opportunities between North and South EU points out that market access negotiations on services would help in improving market opportunities for business as well as benefits to consumers worldwide. But it stood against general deregulation or privatization of sectors where principles of public interest are at stake. European Union's stand was that Doha Development Agenda succeed only if development opportunities of individual members, makes a tangible contribution to international efforts in favor of sustainable development and increases. We had seen large protests and processions consequent to every talk. There is a lot of lobbying for and against the trade negotiations inside and outside the international trade bodies. It is not economics, but its impact on domestic politics was the major cause for each and every co untry.The last one decade has seen a tremendous effort from the developing countries going for substantial efforts to make structural changes in their economies as part of reform agenda. Elimination of export subsidies, reductions in, and tighter criteria for, domestic "trade-distorting" subsidies in developed countries, reduction of tariff peaks and standardization and rationalization of food safety and processing requirements In this background there should have been some efforts from the developed world to genuinely address the concern of the developing world. Anyhow Doha meet was failed in reaching any concrete step before the next talk. In the year2003, Members again get together at Cancà ºn to forge concrete agreement on the Doha round objectives. The focus of Cancun negotiations was on agriculture, industrial goods, trade services and customer codes reforms. But again the developed world and developing world fight in the agriculture sector.Here also rich countries’ fa rm subsidies such as European Union's Common Agriculture Policies and US governments agro subsidies were the major roadblock.

Why Corporate Income Tax Should Be Abolished Essay

Why Corporate Income Tax Should Be Abolished - Essay Example This would make the conditions of doing business in the country more friendly. As a result, foreign investors would flock the country in pursuit of the American dream. The main aim of the corporate income tax is to make sure that corporations too have a role to play in nation building by paying tax. The government provides the corporations with a good environment to do business and in order to support this; the government uses a substantial amount of funds. Therefore, the corporations should pay tax to ensure that the government is able to provide them with such services that enable them to be profitable. As much as the corporate income tax stands at 35%, some corporations have found ways to bring this number down to around 12%. This is has been made possible through the introduction of tax refunds. Wealthy individuals will also find ways to incorporate their wealth to their corporations’ wealth. This would mean that the government would lose more revenue. The author states that at some point in history when the personal income tax become high, wealthy individuals incorporated their wealth to that of their corporations in order to pay the much lower corporate income tax. If the corporate tax was to be scrapped off, it should be done in well calculated move. The benefits and the costs should be considered both in the long run and the short run. All the loopholes should then be closed to ensure people don’t take advantage of this as a way to avoid paying taxes. Such a move would spell danger to the American economy.

Cross Subsidizing Political Groups in the Name of Agriculture Essay

Cross Subsidizing Political Groups in the Name of Agriculture - Essay Example The intention of the talk was making fair international law for a balanced trade approach for developing countries.This round could not fetch any results as there was no agreement on farm subsidies and market access.But it also decided to further continue talks in next negotiations. The Ministerial Declaration launching the Doha Development Agenda reflects the "broad agenda" and the focus on development.: It mandates negotiations on agriculture, industrial products, services, intellectual property (geographical indications, TRIPs, and Health), the "Singapore issues" (investment, competition, transparency in government procurement and trade facilitation), WTO rules (anti-dumping, subsidies, regional trade agreements) and trade and environment. Doha Development Agenda, European Union and WTO, Trade Issues, European Unions says that its primary objects in the WTO were multilateral trade rulemaking, market opening, the integration of developing countries in the world trade system and the improvement of the functioning of the WTO   it has believed that doing away with high tariffs, tariff peaks, and tariff escalation will significantly increase trade opportunities between North and South EU points out that market access negotiations on services would help in improving market opportunities for business as well as benefits to consumers worldwide. But it stood against general deregulation or privatization of sectors where principles of public interest are at stake. European Union's stand was that Doha Development Agenda succeed only if development opportunities of individual members, makes a tangible contribution to international efforts in favor of sustainable development and increases. We had seen large protests and processions consequent to every talk. There is a lot of lobbying for and against the trade negotiations inside and outside the international trade bodies. It is not economics, but its impact on domestic politics was the major cause for each and every co untry.The last one decade has seen a tremendous effort from the developing countries going for substantial efforts to make structural changes in their economies as part of reform agenda. Elimination of export subsidies, reductions in, and tighter criteria for, domestic "trade-distorting" subsidies in developed countries, reduction of tariff peaks and standardization and rationalization of food safety and processing requirements In this background there should have been some efforts from the developed world to genuinely address the concern of the developing world. Anyhow Doha meet was failed in reaching any concrete step before the next talk. In the year2003, Members again get together at Cancà ºn to forge concrete agreement on the Doha round objectives. The focus of Cancun negotiations was on agriculture, industrial goods, trade services and customer codes reforms. But again the developed world and developing world fight in the agriculture sector.Here also rich countries’ fa rm subsidies such as European Union's Common Agriculture Policies and US governments agro subsidies were the major roadblock.

Cassius’ Logical Persuasion Essay Example for Free

Cassius’ Logical Persuasion Essay From Julius Caesar, Act 1 Scene 2, Cassius attempts to persuade Brutus on joining the conspiracy against Caesar through logos. To convince Brutus to join the conspiracy, Cassius starts telling Brutus that â€Å"I was born free as Caesar. So were you. We both have fed as well, and we can both endure the winter’s cold as well as he† (I. ii. 100). When Cassius states Caesar as someone like them, Cassius is using logic to explain to Brutus that they are all equal to Caesar, not inferior. Cassius believes that Brutus and he deserve just as much power as Caesar, so he does not want Brutus to be supporting Caesar, but going against him. Even though Cassius says he is equal to Caesar, he then tells Brutus a story about how he saves Caesar from almost drowning and also recalls a story of Caesar in Spain saying â€Å"’Alas,† it cried, ’give me some drink, Titinius,’ as a sick girl† (I. ii. 139). The connotation of â€Å"girl† is a female child, not manly and powerful. So by telling the stories, Brutus now acknowledges that Caesar is weak because he is able to drown and get sick and Brutus will no longer look upon someone who cries â€Å"as a sick girl†. Brutus is persuaded by Cassius’ story that Caesar is not all that power and that they should not be serve Caesar as if he is a god. On the other hand, Cassius contradicts himself multiple ways by saying Caesar is â€Å"like a Colossus and we petty men walk under his huge legs and peep about to find ourselves dishonorable graves. Men at some time are masters of their fates. † (I. ii. 137). Cassius portrays Caesar as a power person who will become a tyrant and that he is more superior to everyone else. Because Cassius and Brutus does not like tyrants or dictators, Cassius indirectly tells him to not support Caesar, and instead, tries hinting to Brutus that it is time for him to take control of Rome. The logos Cassius uses persuades Brutus to not let someone who is equal to him, such as Julius Caesar, to rule Rome.

Dairy Industry In India Marketing Essay

Dairy Industry In India Marketing Essay In India the dairy industry is of crucial importance. The country is the worlds largest milk producer and accounts for more than 13% of worlds total milk production. India consumes almost 100 % of its own milk production and is stated to be the worlds largest consumer of dairy products. Dairy products constitute as a major source of cheap and nutritious food to millions of people in India and the only acceptable form of animal protein for large vegetarian segments of the Indian population. (Karmakar, 2006) Top Dairy companies in India: Amul is one of the topmost companies in the dairy industry, which recorded a sales turnover of 67113 million Rs in 2008-09 (Amul, 2009). Followed by Nestle India Pvt Ltd. with a turnover of 51672 million Rs (Nestle, 2009) and Britannia Pvt Ltd whose turnover were 34523 (Britannia, 2009) In this report I have chosen Amul Pvt Ltd, as it is the largest milk production company in Asia. 1.2 History of the Company: Amul Pvt Ltd. is the company that is renowned for initiating the phenomena of The White Revolution in India; making the country the largest manufacturer of milk and its by products in the world. Amul was established on December 14th, 1946. Dr Verghese Kurien also referred to, as the Father of the White Revolution is the man behind the success of the company. AMUL is an acronym for Anand Milk Producers Union India Limited. Amul was setup as a model for development in rural areas. Amul is located in the state of Gujarat, in a small town called Anand. (Business maps of India, 2010) Amul was taken over by the Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation [GCMMF] in 1973.Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation is one of Indias largest food products marketing organization. Its main aim is to provide to the farmers remunerative returns and for the benefit of the consumers provide them with quality products which are value for money. (Amul, 2010) 1.3 Company Statistics: Members: 13 district cooperative milk producers Union No. Of Producer Members: 2.9 million No. Of Village Societies: 15,322 Total Milk handling capacity: 13.07 million litres per day Milk Collection (Total: 2009-2010) 3.32 billion litres Milk Collection (Average: 2009-2010) 9.10 million litres Milk Drying Capacity: 647 Mts. Per day Cattle feed manufacturing Capacity: 3740 Mts. Per day (Amul, 2010) 1.4 Company Financials: [4] Sales Turnover Rs (million) US $ (in million) 2000-01 22588 500 2001-02 23365 500 2002-03 27457 575 2003-04 28941 616 2004-05 29225 672 2005-06 37736 850 2006-07 42778 1050 2007-08 52554 1325 2008-09 67113 1504 2009-10 80053 1700 (Amul, 2010) 1.4.1 Amuls Sales turnover [4] *Graph based on the figures from the table above (Turnover is in Million US $) The company recorded a growth of 28.8 % despite the global economic downturn. From a turnover of 1325 million dollars in 2007-08 the milk giant jumped to 1504 million dollars in 2008-09, resulting in a double-digit turnover 3 years in a row 1.4.2 Exports *Graph based on the figures from the tables above (Turnover in Crore Rs) The company witnessed a growth in spite of the global economic meltdown. The companys exports reached 133 crore Rs in 2008-09 in comparison to the 125 crores in 2007-08. Amul products are exported to a number of countries namely Australia, Bangladesh, China, Hong Kong, Mauritius, Singapore, UAE and USA 1.5 Product Range: Amul is recognized as the biggest brand in the pouched mile sector of the world and stated to be Indias largest food brand. Amul has a varied range of products, which include: Milk Milk Powders Ghee (Saturated Butter) Butter Cheese Paneer (Cottage Cheese) Yogurt Chocolate and confectionaries Ice-Cream Infant Milk Range The products under these categories are available under a brand umbrella with over 60 different product names. Amul has been very famous for Milk, butter and cheese. Amul milk is sold under brand names such as Taaza, Gold and Shakti. Amul butter is available under names such as Amul butter and Lite. Cheese is available under brand names of Processed cheese spreads, godiva and Emmental (Amul, 2010) 1.6 Consumers Relationships with Amul Products: For consumers, dairy product are an integral part of their lifestyle irrespective of the fact to which strata of the society they belong to. Thus the relationship created between them is Interdependence, the products form a part of the consumers daily routine. Amuls Marketing Mix: Product The Products form a part of the FMCG industry. The products are essential commodities bought on a regular basis. Price Amul products are priced at relatively affordable prices for all the segments of the market, however certain products are priced comparatively higher and are bought by a segment of the market with higher purchasing power. Place Locations of the stores play the most significant role in higher sales of the product. As stated earlier their distribution network consists of over 2 million retail outlets. Promotion Amul launched one of the most successful campaigns with the utterly Butterly Girl character which resulted as an entry into Guinness book of world records for the longest running campaign. The mascot has played an imperative role in increasing the brand recall value. 2 Analysis and Data Interpretation: According to Mr. P.G. Bhatol, the companys chairman, he said in the 35th annual report of the company 2008-09 that The Company registered a growth of 28% against the backdrop of the global recession. (Bhatol, 2009) This statement by the chairman reveals the fact that in spite of the economic downturn, the buying decision making process of the consumer remained unchanged during the changing financial situations. 2.1 Buying Decision-Making Process The Model (i) (Adapted from Cox, R and Brittain, P (2000), Retail Management, 4th Edition, Pitman Publishing) The growth of the company can be attributed to the consumers buying decision-making process. The Buying Decision-Making process as seen in the diagram above begins with the a simple need, in context with buying any amul product the process can be explained as: It all begins with the Need. The consumers require these dairy products on a daily basis as this product falls within the essential commodity category. Although these products are required on a regular basis, consumers recognize the need to buy these commodities either on a certain occasion when they run out of it or they feel need to buy and store it for future consumption. Since dairy products are a customary purchase, the involvement is low in comparison to buying a product such as a Television. This decision of buying the product is taken by a single person with little time consumption in making the final decision. Since this product is a low involvement purchase, there is only a limited amount of information search carried out. In some cases there is no conscious effort made by the customer to get the information regarding the product but is got when watching television or flipping through pages of the magazines. Amul being a very well established and old brand is probably only one of the reasons why consumers choose it. Amul has always focused a lot on advertising and their mascot is always used to portray the current situations When consumers look for information regarding any dairy products Amul would always be the first choice however a consumer will always look for alternatives, where they could find better quality products at better prices. Amul products are very reasonably priced in comparison to its competitors. The decision is obvious, as Amul is priced very reasonably in comparison to its competitor Mother dairy. Purchase of Amul products is made convenient through their strong distribution network. Distribution Network (2008) Number of Outlets Distribution for fresh milk 1800 Distribution for value added milk products 3500 (Amul, 2009) The consumer is already happy with the fact the product is available at every corner, and feels a sense of tremendous satisfaction with the high quality of the product bought at reasonable prices. 2.1.1 Habitual Decision-making: Habitual decision-making can be defined as choices that are made with little or at time without any conscious effort. The Constant increase in the sales turnover from 1050 million $ in 2006-07 to 1325 in 2007-08 and to 1504 million dollars during the recession hit period of 2008-09 could be attributed to the fact that these purchases are made because of habitual decision making behaviour of the consumer. The trend in which the profit increases year after year has a direct connect to the trend in which the consumer makes his purchase decision. Since dairy products are consumed on a daily basis their purchase can be termed as a habitual purchase, This process of habitual decision-making by the consumer is one of the foremost reasons of the companys success. Consumers of Amul products make this decision of buying the product with little or sometimes without any conscious effort. Thus the entire concept of habitual decision making by the consumer results in constant purchase of the same brand irrespective of the fact whether they can afford it at that point of time which increased sales of the company despite the recession and resulted with a 179 million $ profit. Apart from the fact that consumers made these purchases decisions out of habit they were also habituated to looking at the Amul Mascot i.e. the Uttlery Butterly Girl 50 years after it was first launched, Amuls sale figures have jumped from 1000 tonnes a year in 1966 to over 25,000 tonnes a year in 1997. No other brand comes even close to it. (Amul, 2010) amul30.jpg (Amul Hits, 2008) The topical ad released during the economic downturn in 2008 This ad campaign has been successful right from the start and all through out the economic depression. The ad above was made to address the economic downturn in 2008. This ad campaign to a great extent had a certain amount of influence on the consumer. Not only did the ad bring a little humor to the serious part of the recession but was somewhere etched in the back of the consumers mind. In terms of consumer behavior concepts, the entire ad campaign comes in play when a consumer has to make a choice between alternatives. The ad campaigns have a great impact on the consumer thus influences the consumers decisions while selecting the product from other competitor products. 2.1.2 The Alternatives: A detailed analysis of this reveals that alternatives are influenced by ad campaigns in the following ways (Solomon et all, 2010,334) It is a known fact that however loyal customers may be to a certain brand of products; at times they may tend to consider looking at other attractive alternatives. Through the ad campaign Amul, as brand has been lucky enough to create a niche in the minds of their consumers, to be more precise in the evoked set of their consumers. This evoked set is defined as the set of alternatives that the consumer already knows about and is aware of. This set consists of those products, which are already in memory i.e. the retrieval set. (Sololmon et all, 2010) If analyzed in context with the ad above, such an ad leaves an impact on the consumer. This ad was used to create a definite place for that product not only in the minds of the consumer but also establish a prominent place in the environment. It increases the brand recall value thus making the product (amul) seem the best choice from the rest. The ad campaigns to a large extent encourage the need of buying a product. 2.2 Needs and Behavior: According to Mr. P.G. Bhatol, the companys chairman, he said in the 35th annual report of the company 2008-09 that Since Milk and Milk products are basic staples for every Indian household, their demand is not likely to be affected by transient economic slumps (Bhatol, 2009) This statement when analyzed conveys the message that irrespective of the recession and the effect of it on the consumers, certain products, in this case being milk and its by products cannot be compromised on. The level of consumption by different consumers of these products may decrease but will certainly not be stopped. Sales figures of the company show an increase in these products during the year 2008-2009: Product Sales Growth (%) Amul Milk 44 % Amul Cheese 26% Amul Butter 17% Amul Ice-cream 16% Dairy Whitener 12% (Amul, 2009) A reason for this increase in sales during the recession can be linked directly to the concept of Maslows hierarchy. As these products fall under Physiological needs, these needs are inevitable, and they are essential for survival. These needs form the largest and most important part in Maslows hierarchy: (Solomon et all, 2010, 186) As Maslows hierarchy implies, the basic needs have to be fulfilled before climbing up the ladder. A consumer will for certain satisfy these basic lower level needs. Milk is just a part of the physiological needs however once that need is satisfied it gives rise to other needs and a consumer then satisfies all these needs together. This contributed to the increase in sales of the by products of milk. Related to Maslows hierarchy we could also explain a consumers behavior on the basis of Motives in particular. Looking at this motive classification we could understand the consumers behavior from a different perspective: (Blythe, pp 32-33) If we relate the concept of Maslows hierarchy with the different motives, the most predominant motive that influences the consumer when buying an Amul dairy product would be a dormant motive. These motives exist in the minds of the consumer but they are not aware of it. Consumers in their subconscious mind hold these dormant motives, which result in buying the same brand products over and over again without much effort. Dormant motives are connected to secondary motives. Secondary motives are the reasons why consumers buy a particular brand. This is probably the reason why they choose Amul over the other brands. A deeper analysis in to the statement reveals that the demand remained unaffected could be explained through the primary concept of needs and behaviour. It is a known fact that, if a need does not exist then there isnt any motivation to achieve the goal of satisfying the need. As stated by the chairman of the company Milk and milk products are staple for the people of India. Analysis of this statement leads to the fact that these needs are Biogenic needs, which are required to maintain life. The argument here could be further related to: Needs If milk is a staple then the need for it is essential. In this case the need is very high. Consumers needs for dairy products are constant with very little change. These needs have to be fulfilled almost instantly. This probably was a factor that resulted in the 44% growth of milk in 2008 Motivation A sense of tension is created when this need is left unfulfilled which will drive them to take some action and fulfill this need. Here in this case the consumer will find the need to buy the product, which will motivate him/her to go out to the closest store and buy it thus fulfilling its need. Wants It is possible that sometimes what we want may not be a need. A want is defined as the consumption behavior that satisfies the unfulfilled need. A want is not necessarily a need and a need is not necessarily a want. However in this case the need is more dominant then the want for it. Goals The basic need of dairy products leads to buying the product and achieving the goal of satisfying it by purchasing value products. When talking about value products, consumer satisfaction is a feeling directly related to it. Based on a recent consumer report by consumer daddy ® Amul scored a Customer satisfaction level of 5.003, which is considered as a good average score. nescsl.jpg (Consumer daddy ®, 2010) The above graph shows a constant trend in the level of satisfaction newcs1.jpg (Consumer daddy ®, 2010) For Amuls consumer the brand value and values for money are important aspects along with hygiene, reliability and safety of the product. This level of satisfaction a consumer wants from any product is related to the stages of the means end chain. From the above statistics it can be derived that for Amul consumers just the product wasnt the main goal but also the level of satisfaction achieved after the purchase. 2.3 The Means-End Chain: The chain is explained with the example of milk: (Tao, 2010) In the context of the consumer satisfaction report mentioned above, Consumer looks for maximum satisfaction in terms of the quality value over price. Price is incidental in this case while the company brand value and product value is predominant. Here when explaining the chain through milk, the attributes consumer gets are fresh and natural product, the consequence being the consumer gets a balanced diet which in the end results in a healthy life which is the Life goal of any consumer. 3. Conclusion: Amul will always be the first choice for consumers as it is a well-established brand and also provides good quality products, thus creating a niche in the minds of the consumers. Also amul has expanded extensively all over the country thus enabling the consumers to have easy access to the products at any given point of time. From the above analysis and data interpretation carried out, one can conclude that reason for the companys success [Amul] was purely based on the fact that these products were primary commodities and for consumers Amul was always their first choice based on the fact that is a very well established brand and is known for quality products. The Brand has created a niche in the minds of the consumers thus encouraging and gaining more customer loyalty. During the times of depression, Amul success could me based on the fact that there was a constant demand for essential commodities.

Got Milk? Advertisement Analysis Essay -- Advertisements Commercials M

â€Å" This advertisement was found in the October issue of Cosmopolitan. â€Å"Got Milk† advertisements are seen in all types of magazines from sports to beauty, featuring many different kinds of celebrities selling their product. The product being sold in â€Å"Got Milk† advertisements is, of course, milk. They are trying to reinforce that the calcium in milk keeps bones strong and helps prevent osteoporosis. In this advertisement for milk irony is it’s secret weapon to get the point across. There is a green eyed blonde with a low cut â€Å"little black dress† caressing her flawless body with her arm around a martini glass filled with milk. She is seductively leaning against a glass covered wooden bar with a luring gleam in her eyes. Her and the milk are the main focus of this advertisement. In the background is faded liquor and wine bottles. While looking at her you cannot take your eyes off of her milk mustache and the milk martini glass that got to touch her full pink lips. The irony of this advertisement is that out of all the handsome tall liquor bottles, she chose the thin lean martini with milk in it. The difference between her night black dress and the pure white milk contrasts like night and day. Good and bad shows their faces at the bar. The sex appeal of this woman in a bar full of alcohol drinking milk makes you question what the purpose of this add is. The positioning, proportions, and color in this ad portray the use of the goodness/purity of white milk positioned directly by the dark seductive woman and liquor bottles, which make you question what is good and bad for yourself. The proportions of the liquor bottles and the martini milk glass in this advertisement show the sizes, or importance of these objects. The liquor bottles, being small and in the back of the advertisement show that they are not as important to the viewer as the milk, which is larger and in the front. Of course it would be this way because the whole point of the advertisement is selling the product, milk. The liquor bottles are, therefore, in the back of the advertisement to cause your eye to wander to notice them and to intrigue your conscience. The martini glass is tall and slender just like the woman that stands beside it. The figure of the martini glass stands out to the viewer and makes him or her think about what is right for their body. The martini glass is a positive aspect of ... ...s for yourself. With the dark, liquor bottles in the background it suggests to the viewer that they should accept the temptation and not choose the milk. The milk, being the only white object in the advertisement is chosen by the woman and will influence the viewers by the vibrant white color of the milk. The colors used in this advertisement try to influence and tempt the viewer into picking what is bad for them, but because of the bold, white color of the milk viewers are not mistaken. The use of the goodness/purity of white milk positioned directly by the dark seductive woman and liquor bottles, that make you question what is good and bad for you is portrayed by the proportions, positioning, and color in the advertisement. The proportions show the sizes and importance of the objects in this advertisement by deceiving the eyes of the viewer. The martini milk glass and the liquor bottles in this advertisement lead one to think about the good and bad choices they make for themselves everyday by the positioning of the objects. The enforcement of the idea, black and white, or good and bad, is described through the colors of the liquor bottles and the martini milk glass.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Human Resourse Management :: Personnel Management

Human Resourse Management There are many different ways to train someone for a new job. You can use any of the following methods; hands on, computer simulation, apprenticeship, and teletraining. From hands on training on the production line, to a series of written tests, we use a variety of training techniques at Taco Bell. Upon being hired at Taco Bell, you are given a series of menu item sheets which list all 37 menu items, and the ingredients that makes up each one. It is imperitive that they study these sheets before coming to work for the first time for they will be tested. The first day on the job at Taco Bell is jam packed with information. The moment a trainee punches in, he is taken on a tour of the store that lasts almost an hour. The manager in charge (MIC) walks with the trainee pointing out various things including the dish area, the food prep area, the food storage areas, and the production line. The trainee is shown how to cook food, and how to get it ready to be used on line. After the tour the trainee is placed in the stuffing position on line. Let me take a minute to explain how the line is set up. One person, the steamer, begins the production of the food by grabbing the shell, and placing all the necessary hot items into the product. He then passes this to the stuffer, who puts in all the cold ingredients, and then passes it to the wrapper. The wrapper does just that, he wraps the food, and then takes it out to the customer. A trainee is placed in the stuffing position with two experienced crew members on either side. This way someone can always be there if the employee can’t remember all the ingredients for a particular menu item. If business picks up when a new employee is on line, they are asked to step back and let the more experienced employees, or aces, handle the situation. This way, the trainee can watch as the food is being made and can learn from the way the aces do it. This goes on for the first week of employment. The new employee spends most of his time stuffing. The only times they are permitted to leave the line is when more food needs to be prepared.

Green Roof

Many people don’t know what green roof is. So, what it is? A green roof is not a surface painted green, it is a living surface of plants growing in a soil layer on top of the roof. A thinner or thicker soil layer is spread over the roof membrane itself, sometimes with a protective root barrier, often with a drainage layer underneath. On the substrate, draught-tolerant species of plants are grown. Roof vegetation like this one doesn’t at all damage the waterproofing membrane of the roof. In fact it protects it from the uv-light which does damage the membrane over time.There are two types of green roofs: extensive and intensive. There are some differences of its. An extensive roof has very thin soil layers, draught tolerant plants and requires little or almost no maintenance. The limitation here is in the choice of plants. Extensive roof can be established on a very thin layer of soil. An intensive roof garden has much thicker soil layers, and can look like an ordinary ga rden, with trees and shrubs. Intensive roofs are more park-like with easy access and may include anything from kitchen herbs to shrubs and small trees.This of course needs as much maintenance as a garden does, and can only be constructed on a roof that can bear heavy loads. (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Green_roof) It doesn’t matter what type roof is, but construction is a similar. Construction includes drainage materials, plant materials and establishment methods. For each green roof project, different site conditions and your aims and motives will govern the choice of materials and establishment methods. Therefore, if you are planning to build a green roof, consider the following two sections carefully.There are some roof sections which are important. First is a waterproofing. The membrane is made waterproof, and it will stay waterproof unless it gets physically damaged or aged. What ages a bitumen membrane is mainly uv-light and temperature extremes. Unless the roof memb rane is damaged while laying the green roof, the soil and vegetation cover protects the membrane from these types of injuries later. (http://www. greenroof. se/? pid=32&sub=19) Second section is root barrier. The asphalt waterproofing itself is not classified as root resistant and had to be reinforced with a root barrier.This barrier consists of rubberized asphalt enforced with polyester and treated eight a root-repelling agent. There are also synthetic waterproofing membranes (like PVC liners) available that are root resistant and do not require an additional root barrier. Different countries have different building practices and rules for green roofs – and many countries have no rules at all yet. In Germany, for example, a root barrier is always laid under a green roof. This is to ensure that no roots can damage the waterproofing.A root barrier is sometimes incorporated in the drainage layer. It can be chemical and poisonous to plants, or it can be a thin copper sheet, or r ubber sealed so as to avoid seams. If your motive for having a green roof is sustainability and ecological consciousness, it’s a good idea to ask your contractor about the method. In Sweden, the usual practice is that under extensive roof vegetation (2 – 5 cm soil), where only sedums and moss can survive, an extra root barrier is not considered necessary, since the sedums used have weak roots, and moss has no roots at all.When the soil layer is thicker, and therefore can hold more water, other plants grow there, and there is a risk of getting weeds with more penetrative roots. Second layer is insulation. Insulation boards can be made from extruded polystyrene which has high water resistance and compressive strength. The main difference from the old roof is that the insulation layer must be places above the waterproofing membrane, but on the new roofs insulation must be located below the waterproofing. Second, but not less important, is drainage.The main reason for usin g a drainage layer is that if a lot of water drains off along the surface of the soil, this will cause erosion. The second reason, is that for roofs which are almost flat, too much water would remain on the roof, forming puddles. Especially sedum vegetation is adapted to dry conditions, and tends to rot if submerged. Besides, too much water available can lead to unwanted plants establishing on the roof. Another function of the drainage materials that are often used is to store some amount of water.This effect becomes more and more important the drier the conditions on the roof are, due to climate, a steeper slope or other conditions on the roof. Drainage materials used in green roofs include natural materials, recycled materials and manufactured drainage mats. (â€Å"Green roof systems† Susan K. Weiler, Katrin Scolz-Barth) And finally, the top layer is growing medium with plants. The growing medium provides nutrients and structure for the roots to anchor in. the proprietary m ixes of the manufacturer consist of a lightweight aggregate, expanded shale, and some compost.The organic components make up about three to six percent of the shallow planting areas. The mix for deeper planting areas has slightly more organics. This mix is also heavier and allows a higher water-holding capacity in order to support the larger plants of these areas. In conclusion, one has to realize that there is no cookie cutter approach when it comes to the design of a green roof section. Though certain layers are always present – waterproofing, root barrier, insulation, protection layer, drainage layer, growing medium – their actual composition varies widely responding to a particular situation. â€Å"Green roof – a case study† Christian Werthmann) Green roofs have many advantages. One is a cooling effect. It is very useful effect for individual houses at summer time. A black bitumen roof easily reaches temperatures of 80 ° Celsius in the summer. When a soil layer and the shading plants protect the roof, the surface temperature usually doesn’t rise above the surrounding air temperature. A study conducted by Environment Canada found a 26% reduction in summer cooling needs and a 26% reduction in winter heat losses when a green roof is used.In addition to this, the plants and soil evaporate water, creating a cooling effect, and a moister air, more comfortable to breathe. Cooling effect is useful at summer, but at winter there is another green roof feature – insulation. The soil layer provides an additional insulation. In warmer climates a green roof especially the versions with thicker soil layer, can make a difference in the heating required in the building. Life expectancy of the root membrane is also important. The waterproofing of the roof, for example bitumen, has a normal life expectancy of 25 years.After that it needs replacing. The reasons are that the uv-light from the sun makes the surface brittle, and then t he expansion and shrinking caused by the fluctuations in temperature, together with the loss of elasticity, causes cracks to form in the membrane. The high temperatures in themselves, above 60 ° Celsius, age the membrane. The green roof protects the waterproofing from both the uv-light and the temperature extremes, increasing the life expectancy of the membrane to at least 60 years. (http://www. greenroof. se/? pid=28&sub=19)One of the most important effects of green roofs in the cities is their potential for retaining and delaying rainwater during storms. The gutters and sewers in the city have to be big enough to cope with the amounts of water that falls during extreme storm events. As more and more surfaces in the built up areas are made hard and impermeable, less water can percolate naturally into the soil. This means that the sewers and treatment plants get higher and higher loads. For the water treatment plant this can be a great problem, since they take care of sewage as we ll as rainwater.If the sewage gets very diluted by a heavy rain, the sensitive chemical and microbiological processes are disturbed. Getting the balance back costs time and money, and in the meantime, sewage is less completely cleaned. Also, the treatment plants cannot store unlimited amounts of water, so during extreme rains, they are forced to let completely untreated water to the natural waters. The more rain water that is taken care of locally, the less often we will have to face these polluting events. (http://progressivetimes. wordpress. om/2010/10/04/one-roof-two-roofs-green-roofs-blue-roofs/) There are some effects which are interesting. The heat island effect. This is the effect that makes cities reach a higher average temperature than the countryside around them. The large amount of stone, asphalt and concrete in the towns and cities that absorb the heat from the sun in the daytime, and release it at night. An additional cause is the lack of trees and other vegetation. The night time temperature rises, and in the summer people suffers from sleeplessness. The cost of air condition goes up.Green roofs can protect from noise and electromagnetic radiation. Thick layers and plants can reduce noise in the outdoor environment and green roofs can reduce the electromagnetic radiation that enters a building to a great extent. (http://www. greenroof. se/? pid=28&sub=19) The most important problem in big cities is pollution. Green roof vegetation, as well as other vegetation, use CO2 for their respiration, and therefore reduce the negative effects of pollution. Best are highly productive plants, which in a year can produce a lot of biomass.An extensive green roof does not produce very much, but intensive ones could. In this case, it might be a question of a small extra advantage, when large surfaces of the cities rooftops are used for vegetation. This is not a method that can be used as an only solution to the problems of pollution and global warming, but togeth er with all the other beneficial effects of green roofs, it is a small step in the right direction. (http://www. greenroof. se/? pid=28&sub=19) Green roofs also provide habitats for plants, insects, and animals that otherwise have limited natural space in cities.In modern city planning, â€Å"green corridors† are planned into the cities, where parks and waterways can connect the city with the surrounding countryside, and get humans in closer contact with nature. In the places where there isn’t enough ground space for green space, the green corridors, and the habitats for animals don’t have to be discontinued, if the flat roofs are used. (http://www. greenroof. se/? pid=28&sub=19) Thus green roof save materials, energy and money, produce less waste, can protect from negative cities impact and what is the most important – is environmental friendly. However, green roof has some disadvantages.Weight is problematical field. A thin extensive green roof of the t ype widely used weighs about 50 kg/m2 when saturated with water. Lighter versions are available, that uses rock wool as substrate instead of soil, which gives a weight of about 35 kg/m2. Compare that to tiles that weigh 33 – 37 kg /m2, depending on the type. If you live in a region where you can expect snow, then weight has to be reckoned as well. So some buildings, especially old buildings, cannot be retrofitted with certain kinds of green roof because of the weight load of the substrate and vegetation exceeds permitted static loading.Depending on what kind of green roof it is, the maintenance costs could be higher. Cost is the main reason why people didn’t want green roofs. Properly designed and -installed systems include root barriers. It is true that installing adequate waterproofing systems and root barriers automatically can increase the initial cost of the roof. A properly designed and installed green-roof system can cost 15 to 20 dollars per square foot as a to tal cost, not including the roof's waterproof layers.In Europe, a well-designed and professionally installed fully integrated green roof can cost anywhere between 100 to 200 euros per square meter, depending on the kind of roof, the building structure, and which plants are used. Despite of that, I think that green roofs have more advantages than disadvantages. (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Green_roof) It is clear that living green roofs and landscapes over structure are not a panacea for ameliorating the negative environmental impacts resulting from increased development or the loss of open space.They cannot and will not replace our forests and prairies, will nor remediate the degradation of all stream corridors, and will not stop global warming by themselves. However, green roofs and landscapes over structure can act buffers to mitigate the impacts of unbridled and unplanned urban growth and development. Reducing building roofs generates less storm water runoff, reduces the heat gain that affects our indoor and outdoor environments, and mitigates the continued degradation of air and water quality. Green roofs provide additional usable, confortable open space. Green Roof Many people don’t know what green roof is. So, what it is? A green roof is not a surface painted green, it is a living surface of plants growing in a soil layer on top of the roof. A thinner or thicker soil layer is spread over the roof membrane itself, sometimes with a protective root barrier, often with a drainage layer underneath. On the substrate, draught-tolerant species of plants are grown. Roof vegetation like this one doesn’t at all damage the waterproofing membrane of the roof. In fact it protects it from the uv-light which does damage the membrane over time.There are two types of green roofs: extensive and intensive. There are some differences of its. An extensive roof has very thin soil layers, draught tolerant plants and requires little or almost no maintenance. The limitation here is in the choice of plants. Extensive roof can be established on a very thin layer of soil. An intensive roof garden has much thicker soil layers, and can look like an ordinary ga rden, with trees and shrubs. Intensive roofs are more park-like with easy access and may include anything from kitchen herbs to shrubs and small trees.This of course needs as much maintenance as a garden does, and can only be constructed on a roof that can bear heavy loads. (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Green_roof) It doesn’t matter what type roof is, but construction is a similar. Construction includes drainage materials, plant materials and establishment methods. For each green roof project, different site conditions and your aims and motives will govern the choice of materials and establishment methods. Therefore, if you are planning to build a green roof, consider the following two sections carefully.There are some roof sections which are important. First is a waterproofing. The membrane is made waterproof, and it will stay waterproof unless it gets physically damaged or aged. What ages a bitumen membrane is mainly uv-light and temperature extremes. Unless the roof memb rane is damaged while laying the green roof, the soil and vegetation cover protects the membrane from these types of injuries later. (http://www. greenroof. se/? pid=32&sub=19) Second section is root barrier. The asphalt waterproofing itself is not classified as root resistant and had to be reinforced with a root barrier.This barrier consists of rubberized asphalt enforced with polyester and treated eight a root-repelling agent. There are also synthetic waterproofing membranes (like PVC liners) available that are root resistant and do not require an additional root barrier. Different countries have different building practices and rules for green roofs – and many countries have no rules at all yet. In Germany, for example, a root barrier is always laid under a green roof. This is to ensure that no roots can damage the waterproofing.A root barrier is sometimes incorporated in the drainage layer. It can be chemical and poisonous to plants, or it can be a thin copper sheet, or r ubber sealed so as to avoid seams. If your motive for having a green roof is sustainability and ecological consciousness, it’s a good idea to ask your contractor about the method. In Sweden, the usual practice is that under extensive roof vegetation (2 – 5 cm soil), where only sedums and moss can survive, an extra root barrier is not considered necessary, since the sedums used have weak roots, and moss has no roots at all.When the soil layer is thicker, and therefore can hold more water, other plants grow there, and there is a risk of getting weeds with more penetrative roots. Second layer is insulation. Insulation boards can be made from extruded polystyrene which has high water resistance and compressive strength. The main difference from the old roof is that the insulation layer must be places above the waterproofing membrane, but on the new roofs insulation must be located below the waterproofing. Second, but not less important, is drainage.The main reason for usin g a drainage layer is that if a lot of water drains off along the surface of the soil, this will cause erosion. The second reason, is that for roofs which are almost flat, too much water would remain on the roof, forming puddles. Especially sedum vegetation is adapted to dry conditions, and tends to rot if submerged. Besides, too much water available can lead to unwanted plants establishing on the roof. Another function of the drainage materials that are often used is to store some amount of water.This effect becomes more and more important the drier the conditions on the roof are, due to climate, a steeper slope or other conditions on the roof. Drainage materials used in green roofs include natural materials, recycled materials and manufactured drainage mats. (â€Å"Green roof systems† Susan K. Weiler, Katrin Scolz-Barth) And finally, the top layer is growing medium with plants. The growing medium provides nutrients and structure for the roots to anchor in. the proprietary m ixes of the manufacturer consist of a lightweight aggregate, expanded shale, and some compost.The organic components make up about three to six percent of the shallow planting areas. The mix for deeper planting areas has slightly more organics. This mix is also heavier and allows a higher water-holding capacity in order to support the larger plants of these areas. In conclusion, one has to realize that there is no cookie cutter approach when it comes to the design of a green roof section. Though certain layers are always present – waterproofing, root barrier, insulation, protection layer, drainage layer, growing medium – their actual composition varies widely responding to a particular situation. â€Å"Green roof – a case study† Christian Werthmann) Green roofs have many advantages. One is a cooling effect. It is very useful effect for individual houses at summer time. A black bitumen roof easily reaches temperatures of 80 ° Celsius in the summer. When a soil layer and the shading plants protect the roof, the surface temperature usually doesn’t rise above the surrounding air temperature. A study conducted by Environment Canada found a 26% reduction in summer cooling needs and a 26% reduction in winter heat losses when a green roof is used.In addition to this, the plants and soil evaporate water, creating a cooling effect, and a moister air, more comfortable to breathe. Cooling effect is useful at summer, but at winter there is another green roof feature – insulation. The soil layer provides an additional insulation. In warmer climates a green roof especially the versions with thicker soil layer, can make a difference in the heating required in the building. Life expectancy of the root membrane is also important. The waterproofing of the roof, for example bitumen, has a normal life expectancy of 25 years.After that it needs replacing. The reasons are that the uv-light from the sun makes the surface brittle, and then t he expansion and shrinking caused by the fluctuations in temperature, together with the loss of elasticity, causes cracks to form in the membrane. The high temperatures in themselves, above 60 ° Celsius, age the membrane. The green roof protects the waterproofing from both the uv-light and the temperature extremes, increasing the life expectancy of the membrane to at least 60 years. (http://www. greenroof. se/? pid=28&sub=19)One of the most important effects of green roofs in the cities is their potential for retaining and delaying rainwater during storms. The gutters and sewers in the city have to be big enough to cope with the amounts of water that falls during extreme storm events. As more and more surfaces in the built up areas are made hard and impermeable, less water can percolate naturally into the soil. This means that the sewers and treatment plants get higher and higher loads. For the water treatment plant this can be a great problem, since they take care of sewage as we ll as rainwater.If the sewage gets very diluted by a heavy rain, the sensitive chemical and microbiological processes are disturbed. Getting the balance back costs time and money, and in the meantime, sewage is less completely cleaned. Also, the treatment plants cannot store unlimited amounts of water, so during extreme rains, they are forced to let completely untreated water to the natural waters. The more rain water that is taken care of locally, the less often we will have to face these polluting events. (http://progressivetimes. wordpress. om/2010/10/04/one-roof-two-roofs-green-roofs-blue-roofs/) There are some effects which are interesting. The heat island effect. This is the effect that makes cities reach a higher average temperature than the countryside around them. The large amount of stone, asphalt and concrete in the towns and cities that absorb the heat from the sun in the daytime, and release it at night. An additional cause is the lack of trees and other vegetation. The night time temperature rises, and in the summer people suffers from sleeplessness. The cost of air condition goes up.Green roofs can protect from noise and electromagnetic radiation. Thick layers and plants can reduce noise in the outdoor environment and green roofs can reduce the electromagnetic radiation that enters a building to a great extent. (http://www. greenroof. se/? pid=28&sub=19) The most important problem in big cities is pollution. Green roof vegetation, as well as other vegetation, use CO2 for their respiration, and therefore reduce the negative effects of pollution. Best are highly productive plants, which in a year can produce a lot of biomass.An extensive green roof does not produce very much, but intensive ones could. In this case, it might be a question of a small extra advantage, when large surfaces of the cities rooftops are used for vegetation. This is not a method that can be used as an only solution to the problems of pollution and global warming, but togeth er with all the other beneficial effects of green roofs, it is a small step in the right direction. (http://www. greenroof. se/? pid=28&sub=19) Green roofs also provide habitats for plants, insects, and animals that otherwise have limited natural space in cities.In modern city planning, â€Å"green corridors† are planned into the cities, where parks and waterways can connect the city with the surrounding countryside, and get humans in closer contact with nature. In the places where there isn’t enough ground space for green space, the green corridors, and the habitats for animals don’t have to be discontinued, if the flat roofs are used. (http://www. greenroof. se/? pid=28&sub=19) Thus green roof save materials, energy and money, produce less waste, can protect from negative cities impact and what is the most important – is environmental friendly. However, green roof has some disadvantages.Weight is problematical field. A thin extensive green roof of the t ype widely used weighs about 50 kg/m2 when saturated with water. Lighter versions are available, that uses rock wool as substrate instead of soil, which gives a weight of about 35 kg/m2. Compare that to tiles that weigh 33 – 37 kg /m2, depending on the type. If you live in a region where you can expect snow, then weight has to be reckoned as well. So some buildings, especially old buildings, cannot be retrofitted with certain kinds of green roof because of the weight load of the substrate and vegetation exceeds permitted static loading.Depending on what kind of green roof it is, the maintenance costs could be higher. Cost is the main reason why people didn’t want green roofs. Properly designed and -installed systems include root barriers. It is true that installing adequate waterproofing systems and root barriers automatically can increase the initial cost of the roof. A properly designed and installed green-roof system can cost 15 to 20 dollars per square foot as a to tal cost, not including the roof's waterproof layers.In Europe, a well-designed and professionally installed fully integrated green roof can cost anywhere between 100 to 200 euros per square meter, depending on the kind of roof, the building structure, and which plants are used. Despite of that, I think that green roofs have more advantages than disadvantages. (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Green_roof) It is clear that living green roofs and landscapes over structure are not a panacea for ameliorating the negative environmental impacts resulting from increased development or the loss of open space.They cannot and will not replace our forests and prairies, will nor remediate the degradation of all stream corridors, and will not stop global warming by themselves. However, green roofs and landscapes over structure can act buffers to mitigate the impacts of unbridled and unplanned urban growth and development. Reducing building roofs generates less storm water runoff, reduces the heat gain that affects our indoor and outdoor environments, and mitigates the continued degradation of air and water quality. Green roofs provide additional usable, confortable open space.