Breast is Best Essays - Breastfeeding, Anatomy, Health,

Breast is Best Milk Production I n order to produce milk, hormones are needed. The two main hormones are prolactin and oxytocin. Prolactin is produced by the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) and released into the circulation. The regulation of prolactin levels in the plasma is controlled by the dopaminergic system. Prolactin acts on the human breast to produce milk. This occurs by binding to mammary epithelial cell receptors, which stimulates synthesis of mRNA of milk pro teins . It takes several minutes of the infant sucking at the breast to cause prolactin secretion. Prolactin is also important in inhibiting ovulation. Oxytocin is produced by the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary). Suckling at the breast stimulates the neurohypophysis to produce and release oxytocin in an intermittent manner. Oxytocin acts on the breast to produce milk ejection or "milk let down." Oxytocin also causes uterine contractions. Opiates and B endorphins released during stress can block the release of oxy tocin . Newton showed that women who received a saline injection and were distracted during breastfeeding produced less milk than women who were not distracted or women who received an injection of Pitocin (synthetic oxytocin) prior to d istraction and breastfeeding . Lack of release of oxytocin inhibits the "milk let down" and the milk cannot be removed fro m the breast . Other hormones necessary for the production of breast milk include: insulin, cortisol, thyroid hormone, parathyroid hormone, parathyroid hormone-related protein, and human growth hormone. A recently described hormone, Fil (feedback inhibitor of lactation), seems to play an important role in regulation of milk supply. Fil acts locally within each breast. Fil is secreted into breast milk. When the breast is not emptied, Fil remains in contact with the alveolar cells. Fil appears to act on an apical receptor on the alveolar cell. This inhibits secretion of milk constituents. The complete mechanism is not yet understood, however this appears to be the mechanism of decreased milk production due to not emptying the breast. The advantages and disadvantages for breastfeeding : Advantages Readily available Affordable The baby acquires natural passive immunity because breast milk contains the mother's antibodies and other anti-infectious agents. Breastfeeding prevents menustration , which could be a method of natural birth control; however it is not fail safe. Helps the woman return to her pre-pregnancy weight, because lactation uses a lot of energy. It may reduce the risk of breast and ovarian cancer. It is thought to reduce rates of obesity, therefore it reduces the risk of Type-2 diabetes, hypercholesterolaemia and hypertension. There is evidence that those who have been breastfeed achieve better in intelligence tests Disadvantages Risk of transmission of diseases like HIV and Hepatitis C from baby to mother. May not be economically viable because some women have to return to work, so they cannot breastfeed their child exclusively. Sometimes breastfeeding can become uncomfortable, with some mothers suffering from nipple pain. Breastfeeding in public is still taboo; so feeding "on demand" may not be socially acceptable. If a mother does not replenish the quantity of calcium phosphate in the milk, the body responds by enlarging the parathyroid glands which causes her bones to decalcify, making her more susceptible to fractures. WHO re commendations for breastfeeding Breastfeeding should begin within an hour after birth. Breastfeeding should be "on demand", day and night. Bottles or dummies should be avoided. Exclusive breastfeeding (only breast milk given-not even water consumed) should occur until the baby is 6 months. After 6 months complementary breastfeeding (breast milk and other foods) should occur until the age of 2. New mothers should have at least 16 weeks off work after birth, so that she can rest and breastfeed her baby. Alternatives to breast feeding : Infant formula Infant formula is not recommended because it does not contain antibodies; it can increase the risk of water-borne disease in areas that have unsafe water; can lead to malnutrition; is not always readily available and can be expensive. Breast pumps Used when: the mother is lactating too much; breastfeeding becomes uncomfortable; the mother is busy or if the mother will not be there to feed her baby. Donor milk banking (more common in United States and Canada) Normally used in circumstances when the

roma in the czech republic essays

roma in the czech republic essays Economics 26121 September 18, 1999 The Euro To most people in the United States hearing the word Euro brings about blank stares. Ask this same question in England or another European country and it means bringing Europe together under one common currency. The Euro can be defined as the common monetary system by which the participating members of the European Community will trade. Eleven countries Germany, France, Spain, Portugal, Ireland, Austria, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Finland and Italy will comprise the European Economic Monetary Union that will set a side their national currency and adopt the Euro in 2002. A new National bank, based in Frankfurt Germany, will be constructed and the interest rates that control the economies of these nations will be in the hands of this new system. It is indeed a great experiment, being masterminded in Frankfurt, one that will be felt through out Europe as well as the rest of the world.1 The combined countries, now more commonly refer red to as Euroland, will fall under one national bank. This bank, the European Central Bank, will determine the economic fate of the entire  ¡Union ¡. The merging of eleven currencies is a daunting and somewhat lethal task. The ECB is comprised of seventeen members, each having one vote within the governing council. What has most Europeans concerned is the ECB ¡s secrecy of conducting business. There is no voting record nor will there be published minutes of the meeting that take place. Wim Duisenberg president of the ECB and a native Dutchman stated that he wanted the ECB to be one of the most open banks in the world.1 When BBC reporter Steve Levinson confronted him about this in Frankfurt Germany Wim replied I reconcile these two positions by not defining openness as publishing everything that will be available, but by defining openness as explaining every decision, every consideration. Also the pros and cons and to be very open about that and to be...

Our Bodies, Our Technologies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Our Bodies, Our Technologies - Essay Example A correlation persists between the evolution of life and the technological evolution. Life evolved from the genetic material the DNA and the RNA which are prevalent in all life forms, in the similar manner as computers are the spine of the information system. As a rule of the evolution process the initial phases takes time but advances acquire the faster pace, which could be witnessed in both the forms of the evolution. As the selection of the software is individuals choice, it could be correlated with the 23000 genes present inside the body which could be switched off or on depending upon the requirement and aids in combating major diseases as well as aging process. Every disease has got something to do with the gene or its expression, understanding the mechanism of genetic expression dreaded diseases like cancer, heart attacks, neurological disorders, diabetes etc could be resolved prior to their advancing stages (The Human Machine Merger: Why We Will Spend Most of Our Time in Virt ual Reality in the Twenty-first Century; Our Bodies, Our Technologies: Ray Kurzweil). Technical knowledge paves the way to bring innovation. Rob Freitas has designed nanorobotic RBCs which could enhance the potential of an individual, Research is on the way to make computers work faster than human brain! (Our Bodies, Our Technologies: Ray Kurzweil). Considering all the technical advances which are heading to make a human an immortal being on the planet, devoid of diseases and sufferings, combating the process of aging and hence challenging age, is human species really thinking about the burden they are putting on the planet and nature? Is human race lost in the technical world that has closed the doors to think beyond the technology? Is human race able to justify the rule of nature? Being immortal and creating the world devoid of disorders with just touch of a button, is going to validate the

Educational percptions of studying leisure and tourism Essay

Educational percptions of studying leisure and tourism - Essay Example Research shows that "one reason why young people drop out of college and university is that they haven't chosen a subject that really interests them" (How can parents and careers help to make Vocational education and success 2007). For students within the age range of 14 to 19 understanding Applied Leisure and Tourism, and learning Leisure and Tourism, as a vocational curriculum, offers wider and attractive employment opportunity. Developing awareness and an understanding of general professional issues, in Leisure and Tourism, is crucial in vocational curriculum. Leisure and recreation management is a unique and expansive field for young aspirants of vocational education, which covers many sectors, including sport and fitness, adventure and outdoor tourism, wilderness and national park recreation, even and facility management, and community recreation. As the hotel and hospitality industry moves increasingly from a skill-based to a knowledge-based industry, "higher learning has becom e increasingly critical to opening career doors and helping managers to be fully attuned to the culture, service and competitive aspects of the sector" (Why study Tourism and Leisure Management. 2007). In this perspective whether the educational approach and present curricula meet the requirements of students and employers calls for a critical review. Empowering students to take responsibility for their own learning and personal development is the proper approach of any vocational education. It is also found that "encouragement from parents and carers can make all the difference to a young person's future" as young people drop out of college and university because they haven't chosen a subject that really interests them and parents could help them to choose the subject that motivates them to learn. (How can parents and careers help to make Vocational education and success 2007). To achieve this objective, education modules should be formulated to assess the skills of students, and their attributes the employers look for in such graduates. Major attributes the employers look for are teamwork skills, communication skills, reflection and problem solving skill, giving and receiving feedback, negotiating skills, and responsibility for their own learning. Literary reviews in this respect reveal that "Knowledge and expertise based on exp eriences of combining education, learning and real business activities, are still rarely shared and transferred in modern European education" (Barnes, 2005, p.20). With this realization the government of UK is "considering replacing the current A-level system with an English baccalaureate" with GCSEs as the government's strategy for 14 to 19 year olds. It "will see the cutting back of the curriculum to make space for pupils who want to opt for vocational lessons," so that youngsters disaffected with academic subjects will be able to learn craft skills in an effort to motivate pupils to stay in education. (Vocational options for bored pupils. 2003). The latest proposals for a relevant curriculum envisage that "by offering 14-year-olds the chance to study

The Corporate Governance Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Corporate Governance - Article Example In civil-law countries, company law consists of statute law; in common-law countries, it consists partly of the ordinary rules of common law and equity and partly statute law. Two fundamental legal concepts underlie the whole of company law: the concept of legal personality and the theory of limited liability. Nearly all statutory rules are intended to protect either creditors or investors. There are various forms of legal business entities ranging from the sole trader, who alone bears the risk and responsibility of running a business, taking the profits, but as such not forming any association in law and thus not regulated by special rules of law, to the registered company with limited liability and to multinational corporations. In a partnership, members "associate," forming collectively an association in which they all participate in management and sharing profits, bearing the liability for the firm's debts and being sued jointly and severally in relation to the firm's contracts o r tortuous acts. All partners are agents for each other and as such are in a fiduciary relationship with one another. Limited-liability Companies or Corporations The company or corporation, unlike the partnership, is formed not simply by an agreement entered into between its first members; it must also be registered at a public office or courts designated by law or otherwise obtain the official acknowledgment of its existence. Under English and American law the company or corporation is incorporated by filing the company's constitution (memorandum and articles of association, articles or certificate of incorporation) signed by its first members at the Companies Registry in London or, in the United States, at the office of the state secretary of state or corporation commissioner. THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK GOVERNING BRITISH [companies overview] In Britain, the vast majority of companies are incorporated under the Companies Act 1985. The Act creates a distinction between private companies and public limited companies. Only a tiny fraction of companies incorporated in Britain are registered as public limited companies.Nevertheless, from a corporate governance perspective, they are of primary importance. A private company cannot apply to have its equity traded on a stock exchange, and debates about corporate governance in the United Kingdom have focused almost exclusively on companies that are publicly quoted. In the United Kingdom, most public companies that have their shares quoted for trading have been admitted to the Official List maintained by the Stock Exchange and are known as "listed" companies. A listed company is obliged to comply with the Listing Rules of London's Stock Exchange (commonly referred to as the "Yellow Book").The Yellow Book regulates the conduct of key transactions and imposes substantial disclosure obligations on listed companies.

The increase in demand of complementary therapies health essay

The increase in demand of complementary therapies health essay The purposed purpose of this study is to explore nursing students perception on the use of non-pharmacological treatment for pain in the hospital setting. The study will also explore the types of complementary therapies used to alleviate pain at the main local government run, general hospital, assessing nursing students knowledge and perception on complementary and their use and to identify possible benefits and contraindications in the use of complementary therapies. The proposed quantitative research will be used as data collection through a self administered questionnaire. Table of Contents Page Title Page i Abstract 2 Table of Contents 3 List of tables 5 1. Introduction 6 2. Background to the study 2.1 Definition of Complementary and Alternative therapies 7 2.2 Defining Acupuncture 9 2.3 Types of Acupuncture Techniques 9 2.4 Mechanisms of Action of Acupuncture 10 2.5 Clinical Applications and Efficacy 10 2.5 Research Issues 12 3. The Research Method 3.1 Aim and Objectives 13 3.2 The Research Design 13 3.3 The Population 13 3.4 Sampling Technique 14 3.5 Method of Data Collection 15 3.6 Research Tool 15 3.7 Data Analysis 15 4. Ethical Consideration 16 Reference List 17 Time Scale and Budget 18 List of tables Page Table 1: List of Complementary Therapies 8 Table 2: Contraindications to the use of acupuncture 11 Table 3: Adverse effects of acupuncture 12 Introduction Complementary Therapies have established a place in health care and have developed rapidly over the past ten years in terms of recognition, acceptance and use (Peters et al, 2002). Integrating complementary therapies with conventional medicine presents a challenge to all sectors of health care, but specifically to nurses who are at the forefront of providing patient care, health education and information (Chu and Wallis, 2007).The review of the proposed study identifies a number of these therapies but it explores only one in particular; analyzing its prevalence and use, and exploring its perceived efficacy and safety and nursing students attitudes towards it. Pertinent research and reviewing of articles for this review were sought from within the Faculty of Health Sciences and Medical School Library, using Cumulative Index of nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), EBSCO host and Medline and the University of Dublin website. Dissertation abstracts, and books that were relevant to the subject were also examined. Keywords utilized for searches included complementary, therapies, alternative, attitudes, nursing students, acupuncture, pain management. Due to the increase in demand of complementary therapies, numerous articles have been written on the subject throughout the years, especially in the last decade. The amount of research available varies depending on the therapy in question. Very few local studies were encountered regarding complementary therapies, as a matter of fact, at the main local government run, general hospital, only one type of complementary therapy is acknowledged. Background to the study 2.1 Definition of Complementary and Alternative therapies Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) encompasses a wide range of therapeutic procedures and philosophies that are not traditionally viewed to be part of conventional medicine (Smith, G.D, 2009) The Cochrane Complementary Medicine Field within the Cochrane Library defines complementary therapies as a broad domain of healing resources that comprises all the healthcare systems and practices their accompanying theories and beliefs. The World Health Organization defined Complementary Alternative Modalities (CAM) as a comprehensive term used to refer to both traditional medical systems such as Traditional Chinese Medicine, Indian ayurveda and Arabic unami medicine and to various forms of native medicine (WHO, 2004) Thus, the words complementary and alternative can, and often do, refer to the same therapy, product, or practitioner. It is the context of use that changes an alternative therapy into a complementary one. The term describes health care practices such as those shown in Table 1. Table 1: List of Complementary Therapies (Alphabetical order) Acupressure (Shiatsu) Colonic hydrotherapy Iridology PIP Scans Acupuncture Colour therapy Juice Therapy Raw Vegetable Juice Therapy Alexander technique Counselling Kinesiology Reflexology Allergy testing Craniosacral Therapy Light therapy Reiki Aromatherapy Dream Therapy Light Touch therapy Rolfing Art therapy Eye Movement Desensitization    ReprocessingEMDR Magnotherapy Shiatsu (Acupressure) Auricular Acupuncture Exercise Marma therapy Spiritual counselling Australian Flower Essences therapy Guided Imagery Massage therapy Stress management Autogenics Healing Medical Herbalism Swimming therapy Ayurvedic medicine Health Clubs Meta-Aromatherapy Tai Chi Bach Flower remedies Health Screening Microwave Resonance therapy TENS therapy Bee Venom therapy Herbal medicine Music therapy T.C.M. Traditional Chinese Medicine Bowen Technique Homoeopathy Naturopathy Transcendental Meditation Biofeedback Humour Nutritional therapy Tragerwork Chelation Therapy Hydrotherapy Osteopathy Vegetable Juice Therapy Chiropractic Hypnotherapy Oxygen therapy Yoga Chinese Herbal Medicine (T.C.M.) Indian Head Massage Panchakarma therapy 2.2 Defining Acupuncture Acupuncture is a complementary therapy that is being increasingly used in the day-to-day management of pain. It originated in China, over 3000 years ago and is practiced worldwide (Wilkinson, J. Faleiro, R., 2007). Locally, in the main local government run, general hospital, Acupuncture is the only complementary therapy to be officially used in alleviating physical pain. Other therapies such as Exercise, Counseling, Music Therapy and others are used for various other reasons in combination with conventional medicine. Acupuncture involves the insertion of fine sterilized needles through the skin at specific point (called acupoints) and is one of the key components in traditional Chinese medicine (Chen, L., 2005). A major assumption is Traditional Chinese Medicine is that health is achieved by maintaining the body in a balanced state and that disease is as a result of an internal imbalance of yin and yang (Wilkinson, J. Faleiro, R., 2007). There are five main techniques practiced. Dry needling is probably the most common but electro acupuncture (EA) possesses the most promising research endorsement. 2.3 Types of Acupuncture Techniques Moxibustion Moxibustion involves the burning of mugwort, a small, spongy herb, to facilitate healing. It is applied onto the needle over the acupoints. Laser acupuncture A fine low-energy laser beam is directed onto the acupoint. Acupressure In Acupressure, pressure is used to stimulate the acupoints. This can be in the form of a bracelet or strap. Such method is commonly used to alleviate motion sickness. 2.4 Mechanisms of Action of Acupuncture Alan K. Halperin, M.D in his article Acupuncture in Pain Management writes that according to Chinese acupuncture theory, there are over 300 acupunture points on the body that connect to 12 principal and 8 secondary pathways called meridians. These pathways conduct energy force, Qi throughout the entire body. Health is maintained by the unobstructed flow of Qi that regulates the physical, mental and spiritual balance. In addition, the opposing forces of yin and yang regulate all organs. When the entire system is in balance, optimal health occurs. Disease occurs when there are obstructions to the flow of Qi, deficient or axcessive Qi, or when there is an imbalance of yin and yang. 2.5 Clinical Applications and Efficacy Research shows that Acupuncture can be used in virtually any medical condition, but most Americans use it for pain control (Halperin, 2005). Such pain controls are for osteoarthritis, headache, chronic neck and lower back pain. Studies conducted on the subject also revealed that the mentioned complementary therapy is often seen as a last resort for pain relief. This creates adverse selection bias, leaving acupuncture as an option only for those patients who fail to respond to all other methods and can create unrealistic expectations from patients (Wilkinson, J. Faleiro, R., 2007). There are also many pain conditions which have demonstrated improvement with acupuncture. These include: lateral epicondylitis, peripheral neuropathy, temporomandibular disorders, phantom limb pain, chronic pelvic pain, irritable bowel syndrome and Crohns Disease. Literature shows that although acupuncture has gained much professional recognition, its applications and over all efficacies remains a subject of debate (Chen, 2005). Even so, the risk of serious events associated with acupuncture treatments is quite low (Halperin, 2005). The National Institute of Health (NIH) consensus panel on acupuncture in the United States states that the documented occurrence of adverse events in the practice of acupuncture is extremely low. Nevertheless, Acupuncture is technically an invasive procedure with the most common reported complication being bruising or bleeding at the needle insertion site, followed by the transient vasovagal response. Other complications might include; infection, dermatitis, and broken needle fragments. In some cases contraindications and adverse effects listed in Table 2 and Table 3 might occur: Table 2: Contraindications to the use of acupuncture Absolute Contraindications Relative Contraindications Needle Phobia Pregnancy avoid any points known to stimulate uterine contractility Severe bleeding diathesis Points over nipples, umbilicus, and major vessels are forbidden by conventional texts Inability to remain still for treatment Point over infant fontanel Systemic Sepsis Application during menses (less effective) Unco-operative hallucinating, delusions, etc. If patient is on corticosteroids, benzodiazepines, or narcosis (less effective) Cellulitis Anticoagulant drugs Burns Ulceration EA do not apply over heart or brain. Do not apply in region of pacemaker or implanted medical pump. Table 3: Adverse effects of acupuncture Pneumothorax Local pain Cardiac tamponade Bruising Neurovascular damage Bleeding Infection Hematoma formation Metal allergy 2.6 Research Issues Little research was found with regards to nursing students perception on Complementary Therapies. Moreover on Acupuncture and its use in pain management. It is proposed that the this aspect should be explored more in detail by conducting a small-scale research study on the subject. Two separate studies were conducted addressing nursing students knowledge and attitudes on Complementary Therapies. One of which was a quantitative study conducted in Britain and it investigated the use of CAM in cancer and palliative care and another study was conducted in southern Taiwan exploring student nurses knowledge, attitude and behavior toward Chinese Medicine. More medical research than nursing research exists in complementary therapies, mainly in randomized-controlled trials. However, this field is still poorly researched compares with conventional medicine (Nahin Straus, 2001). The Research Method 3.1 Aim of the study The proposed aim of this study is to explore nursing students perception on the use of non-pharmacological treatment for pain in the hospital setting. 3.2 The Objectives of the study The proposed objectives of this study are to: Identify the types of complementary and alternative therapies used to alleviate pain at the local government run, general hospital (Mater Dei Hospital). Identify nursing students knowledge and perception on complementary and alternative therapies and their use. Identify possible benefits and contraindications in the use of complementary therapies. 3.3 The Research Design It is proposed that a quantitative research approach is used for the purpose of this study. This means in quantitative research your aim is to determine the relationship between one thing (an independent variable) and another (a dependent or outcome variable) in a population. Quantitative research designs are either descriptive (subjects usually measured once) or experimental (subjects measured before and after a treatment). A descriptive study establishes only associations between variables (Hopkins, 2000). It is also proposed to use a descriptive approach; Descriptive research design is a scientific method which involves observing and describing the behavior of a subject without influencing it in any way. This is so as to explore nursing students own perceptions, views and knowledge on the subject. The research setting is the physical location and conditions in which data collection takes place in a study (Polit and Beck, 2006). It is proposed that for the purpose of this study, the leading government run hospital in Malta which hosts the Faculty of Health Sciences lecture rooms will be chosen as the research location for the completion of this study. 3.4 The Population and Sampling Technique According to Cormack (2000), Target Population refers to all of the people that the researcher wishes to include in his / her study. The proposed population of this study will be student nurses following an undergraduate course in Nursing Studies. The target population will be second year Diploma and Degree in Nursing Studies students within the Faculty of Health Sciences. Sampling is the portion of the defined population who are selected by the researcher to participate in the study in order to collect data. The researcher strives to get data from the sample which will reflect all the characteristics of that population (Cormack, 2000). The participants have to fulfill all of the inclusion criteria, where candidates are proposed to be: Full time student nurses following an undergraduate course at the Faculty of Health Sciences 20 years of age and older Second year student Be willing to participate in the study The exclusion criteria will be candidates who: Students who refuse to participate in the study Younger than 20 years of age 3.5 Method of Data Collection Data collection in quantitative studies may be achieved by various methods such as questionnaires, interviews and observations (Polit and Beck, 2006). A questionnaire may be considered as the most appropriate tool for data collection, since it offers the possibility of complete anonymity. A questionnaire helps to avoid bias which can happen in the presence of the interviewer, by reflecting the participants reaction to the interviewer (Polit and Beck, 2006). As the method of choice for data collection is not yet ready, it is proposed that a self-administered with close and open ended questions questionnaire be utilized; requiring a yes or no answer or completion of a question. 3.6 Research Tool The research tool for this study is yet to be provided. It will be developed by the novice researcher and based on the aim and objectives of the study. 3.7 Data Analysis Results of the findings will be presented either in the form of graphs or pie charts. Ethical Considerations Consent to carry out the research will be sought and obtained from the University of Malta Research Ethics Committee and the Faculty of Health Sciences Dissertation Panel. In order to ensure that participants of the study would not be subject to any harm, anonymity will be held throughout the study. In order to maintain privacy, for those participant who dont wish to complete the questionnaire in the presence of piers; a self addressed enveloped will be give incurring any expenses from the participant. Participants may also abstain from taking part in the study. A participation letter will be handed, explaining the nature of the study to the participants. Since the researcher might know any participant, a blank envelope will be handed.

Embodying Ecofeminism Essay -- Ecofeminism Essays

Embodying Ecofeminism I felt a little strange the first day I walked into our class, mostly because I was somewhat of an outsider in a group who seemed to know each other. I sat down and listened as class began. I found it hard to focus on what was being said. Words seemed to rise and fill the room without creating any form that I could recognize. I listened hard and tried to engage myself in the dialogue. Some of the other students seemed involved, some resistant, trying to argue their own space into the dialogue. Sometimes ideas would surface that would resonate with me and pull me in; I could see that both students and professor cared deeply about the things I valued most. Yet, somehow we did not tap my core of questions with the theories and frameworks we used. Logical arguments assigning ethical values to objects, abstract theories that universally prescribe for every situation, disagreement and defense, philosophical examples of extreme situations of morality that described violence, incest, rape . . . with all these things I felt more and more alienated from the group. I, an opinionated and outspoken woman, felt silenced. Surely the group would welcome my contributions, but why did I feel so stifled? How could a discussion of ethics so completely embody what to me is unethical? I should have known that even something so intense and personal as values could be pinned down and violated by patriarchal Anglo thought. If I were a survivor of sexual abuse, I certainly would have fled the classroom, never to return, feeling violated once again, due to the needless description of violence and rape in the philosophical examples. This, a perfect metaphor for the use of conceptual frameworks which value patriarchal-style rational... ... use. It is not sufficient to discuss oppression and injustice in one section as separate from the other topics we explore. In every issue we will encounter marginalized groups who are victims of environmental injustice, and I fear we may be tempted to blame them for environmental devastation. In reality, they may know part of the solution we seek. I would also ask that we expand the frameworks we use to include non-dominant frameworks, so that members of our class are not systematically alienated parallel to the groups we may discuss. Let's keep in mind our context, as students living in the upper-middle class, Anglo, patriarchal society of an elite college, as people who are born into conferred dominance. I think we will be able to discuss environmental ethics in a way that is inclusive, pluralistic, contextual and holistic, as recommended by ecofeminist thinkers.

School Violence In Virgin Islands

School violence poses a great risk in the development of any nation but not only in the US as a whole or the Virgin Islands. School violence is a very serious problem especially in the public schools and it is both found in urban and sub urban areas of the Virgin Islands. It would a wasted effort to try to improve the quality of education without taking school violence as a serious problem, thus looking for ways to solve it no matter the quality of teachers we employ or the curriculum since violence makes learning difficult. School violence comes in very different forms which include; o Intimidation o Gang activity Use of guns and other dangerous weapons o Theft of lockers o Assault or o Anything that will cause a victim Victims of school violence could be teachers, students and members of non teaching staff and ranges from planned attacks to unintentional murders of by standers. There are nearly three million robberies and acts of violence happening in or in the neighborhoods of sch ool campuses yearly according to the National Crime survey of May 2001. This is about sixteen thousand occurrences per school per day and also almost all crimes against teenagers happen in schools or in the neighborhoods (Hurwitz, Menacker, Weldon, 1987 p5). The chances of a violent incident occurring in a school are increased if there is a student with a gun. Possession of guns by students while in school is a common occurrence and many parents are constantly worried about the safety of their kids who are in school. Around 15% of students in the Virgin Islands report the presence of gangs in their schools and many fear of being attacked while in school or on their way to the school and 61% of all crimes are committed by students (Boyer, 2008, p334). There is various prevention measures put in place in the Virgin Islands for controlling school violence. School safety is treated as a priority within each campus and the neighborhood. Programs encompassing parents, students, teachers, police officers, religious leaders, the courts and any other leader who is in charge of ethnic and racial balance in the community. These people help in determining case of planned violence and also setting up plans for stopping acts of violence before they happen. The school environment is set up in such a way that it creates a positive climate for the students. All employees in each school are encouraged to participate in creating this welcoming environment so as to eradicate any negativity in the students, since this goes a long way in reducing cases of violence. Schools have also established a procedures for tracking crimes and for record keeping, it records crime types, when, where and why they happened and any other important data. The data is then examined to determine the trends, the persons involved and any new patterns so as to come with measures of countering it (Furlong, Bates, Smith, 2004 pp240-263). Establishment of communication centers using the latest technologies for that is capable of getting in touch with the appropriate administrators in case of an emergency. These allows for quick response so as minimize chances of aggravating the injuries which might occur during the violence. Students who have the tendency of bringing weapons to school should be counseled, given the necessary support or referred to the suitable resources in the community and where necessary transferred to other schools. Probation officers are placed in campuses in communities experiencing severe cases of violence so as to give the students thorough supervision. Some of the above programs might fail to work in some communities but work in others because school settings are different from one school to the other. Students have formed groups which report any violence acts and the culprits. The youth contact patrols in their campuses and neighborhoods and are provided with adequate security without causing confrontations with those they find engaging in crime (United States District Court (Virgin Islands), 1982 pp290- 296). There is amicable solution of grievances which is done by using dialogue to end conflicts thus making sure that cases of revenge are minimized. This is because if some of these problems are not solved once and for all it might cause planned attacks which can happen even outside the school. Students are encouraged to engage in extra curricular activities during their free time so as to reduce the chances of getting themselves in to drugs, since this is a major cause for violence. Students who are found to be in drugs are counseled and advised to visit rehabilitation centers so that they quit these habits. Some of the traditional methods for crime prevention particularly in cases of indiscipline are limited either by the legislature or the judiciary but parents have the powers to determine the types of punishments to be administered to their children even if it is corporal punishment. It is also difficult to establish the measures that work best due to the fact that schools are of different settings. Some of these measures are limited in public schools since the government has the mandate to ascertain that power is not abused in cases where learning is a must and attending given schools is compulsory. This limitation on public schools makes them more violent as compared to private schools and this encourages the establishment of the private schools since most parents want the best for their children. Some of the legislations are kind of encouraging violence in public schools. But it is advisable for school administrators to keep on innovating new methods for countering this problem and to keep on trying the old ones as well as the established. Parents are also encouraged to take an active role in the up bringing of their children so as top ensure that they grow up in to responsible adults. It is also advisable to break up large schools in to small ones because supervising a small number of students is easier. There should be different schools for boys and girls since there seems to more violence in mixed schools than there are in boys or girls’ only schools. The government should also relax some of its legislations so as to allow teachers and parents of public schools to make their own measures for different types of indiscipline in the students (Preventing School Violence: Top Five Ways To Build Stronger Student-adult Relationships, available online).

Copyrights and Patents

Copyrights and Patents Everyday businesses provide the world with products and services. People in general are just not self-sufficient. Who has time to make their own clothes, own meals,clean their own house, or even watch their own kids? Today?s every growing business world and advancements in technology make it extremely easy to obtain anything one could ever desire provided they have the money to buy it. Many people gained great success and wealth from their original product and business ideas. People have alsogained great wealth from borrowing, stealing or adapting from one ?original? idea.The majority of copying and fraud involves software and clothing items.(Edwards6) One aspect of this is known as bootlegging. this is where someone copies a program, CD, performance, etc., and sells it on the streets. According to Mike Edward?s of the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry claims that world wide CD piracy accounts for 6.5% of the industries annual sales.English: The south side of the James Madison Build...A different approach to borrowing one?s idea doesn?t nessacarily copythe product. Instead it involves misleading the consumer. As in one case, the Miller Brewing Company developed a new beer with a label similar to Annheuser Busch?s, who is currently the number one brewer in America. The ?new brew? was aimed at taking away sales from ?the King of Beers.? (Melcher 37) Logos are also often copied. A logo is defined as an advertising symbol or message that represents a product or a service. In one case, OJ Simpson has agreed to share marketing rights with the Florida Department of Citrus to use his initial in connection with orange juice. (Wells 1) Materials can be illegally duplicated in many different ways. This includes everything sharing software, to copying CD?s, to illegal sweatshops. Commercial goodshave either patents which are supposed to protect them from illegal duplication. Digital technology is...

buy custom Pharmaceutical Law essay

buy custom Pharmaceutical Law essay Question 1 The current is looking for a cure or the closest thing that resembles a cure for a given disease. Although each of the drugs identified is promising, the weights are not equal. The drug patented in 1995 is the most promising one as it reduces death in subjects (mice) by the highest percentage (85%). It also reduces HgA1C by 2% which is almost the average reduction of the three drugs put together. One advantage is that it is more promising than the other hence presenting greater success rate chances. An additional advantage is that it will deduct the cost as efforts needed to progress are lesser than in the other drugs. The evident risk is that the drug patented in 1990 might be more effective the 1995 drug. This is because it has a significantly higher mortality rate reduction in mice and reduces HgA1C 1% better than the 1995 drug. The other risks are inherent to all other drugs. Its effect on mice may not resemble its effect on people. Question 2 One of the challenges is related to identifying the effect on treatment. Phase III suggests that the researchers identify the effect of the drug in both animals and people. It also reveals the length of the effects. Identifying these effects on people is one challenge as the researchers have to find voluneers who will take part in the trial process (Arcangelo Peterson, 2005). The other challenge is related to finances. This phase incurs the most cost. The pharmaceutical company needs many funds to carry out this stage successfully, which may not be at the companys disposal. The company can overcome the first company by compiling the relevant data that will challenge a patient to take part in the research. This will begin by progressing with the drug that is most promising. The other challenge can be overcome by targeting donors (Arcangelo Peterson, 2005). Donors will only be willing to put their donations in a drug that is promising. The relevant data in the previous stages should therefore be carefully gathered. Question 3 One of the strategies of increasing the commercial lifecycle of the drug is by making new formulations (Gupta, Kumar, Roy, Gaud, 2010). This will integrate having additional patents that cater for new formulations of the identified compound. The other strategy relates to making combinations. In such cases a company combines two or more drugs that are already a success in the market, thus marketing them as one product (Gupta et al., 2010). Question 4 One of the post-marketing obligations includes accurately reportting any issues identified in the market to the relevant authorities. Another obligation is related to recalling the drug from the market if it is identified as harmful to the patients (in a larger population). The company can make relevant modifications in relation to the issue identified, which is costly. They may also be forced to totally eliminate the drug from the market, which is more expensive (Friedman, Furberg, DeMets, 2010). Question 5 According to the New Drug Application of FDA, the company can be held on criminal charges if they withhold any relevant information regarding the drug. They would also be negligent if they release a faulty drug in the market or continue to sell a drug after realising its faults (Gupta et al., 2010). They can be sued by the affected persons. Question 6 The company can be faced by both criminal and civil cases. If it acts in negligence, it is liable and can be sued by the affected parties. If it hides relevant information to the relevant authorities, which would risk the lives of the patients using the drug, it would be criminally liable. The company can avoid the same by revealing all the information available and recalling the drug from the market after identifying certain faults (Friedman et al., 2010). Buy custom Pharmaceutical Law essay

4th year sociology-Impact of Women's Experiences in Non-traditional Essay

4th year sociology-Impact of Women's Experiences in Non-traditional Occupations - Essay Example Mostly women filled jobs of teachers, nurses, doctors, baby sitters and social workers, but these were considered as traditional jobs. Gradually, women entered the non-traditional occupations. This essay will discuss why the Canadian women entered the labour market, which was the non-traditional occupations they ventured into, and the challenges they faced in the predominantly male-dominated occupations. A non-traditional job for women is one where they account for only 33% of the workforce. There has been a dramatic growth in the share of the women who are part of the paid work force. Women traditionally stayed at home but gradually, they realized that they did not even have common justice within the home, which is one of the strongest reasons why women ventured out of home. Women, with children at home contributed eleven hours of free labor every day with nothing to fall back upon. In the 1960s and 1970s, they became conscious of their rights and clamored for economic security. As they rose up to fight for their rights, they realized the discrimination they faced in the labor market. The women’s movement brought about dramatic rise in the women labor force. Women were subject to inequality and hardships. Apart from the expansion of the service sector, rising standards of consumption and decline in real wages, encouraged the employment of married women (Ch6, p 4). They start ed challenging the traditional gender divisions of labor and worked collectively to bring about changes in the education, attitudes, working practices and legislation. Women gradually moved into non-traditional occupations (NTO), those generally occupied by men. The NTO generally include engineering, veterinary practice, financial management, law and construction. This was due to changes in the education level and the changing social attitudes. Once they stepped into the non-traditional occupations, they enjoyed better oppurtunities

Discharge for Whistleblower Activity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discharge for Whistleblower Activity - Essay Example However, Broom and Miller chose not to follow standard procedure and instead of going to the accused employee’s immediate supervisor, they went the medication consultant at the facility. Their reasoning was based on the fact that the accused employee had a close personal friendship with her immediate supervisor, Sarah Dutton. The act that Broom and Miller carried out went against protocol. Because these two employees did not follow the proper chain of command and protocol in choosing to file their complaint, this only gave their employer’s legal position more support.   2. Because Broom and Miller were subject to the employment-at-will doctrine, even if they had been members of a bargaining unit that was connected with union representation, it still would not have provided any advantage to their case.  The reality is that these employees could not be protected under a collective bargaining agreement because Oklahoma common law  gives the right to employees to discharge an at-will employee at any time of their choosing. Broom and Miller attempted to argue their case by citing the three statutory laws that they thought supported their actions. These three laws were the Nursing Home Care Act, the Residential Care Act, and the Uniform Controlled Dangerous Substances Act. This first statutory law governed safeguards and procedures for the storage, safekeeping, monitoring, dispensing, and destruction of patient prescription drugs. The employer argued that this only covered nursing homes within the state and that the employer’s company is legall y a residential care facility and cannot be included in the law. The second statutory law does apply to the employer’s facility because the employer admitted so. However, the employer argued that the language in this law were general and did not cover the Oklahoma employment-at-will doctrine. Finally, the third law makes it a criminal offense to steal controlled and dangerous substances, but Broom and Miller did not make a specific argument to justify their claims. Reaffirming what was said in the previous question, Broom and Miller failed to follow the proper procedures when filing their complaint.