“On natural death” By Lewis Thomas Essay

From the moment all life forms are born, a journey is begun to the mysterious quarters of the unknown and the unexplained. It is a journey to the one place all beings are not sure of and fear the most. Whether or not it comes from old age, death is a part of the natural cycle of life. In the essay â€Å"On Natural Death† by Lewis Thomas, death is the spectacle of human and animal existence. He explores the world of death using rhetorical writing style to effectively support his idea of death. By using parallel sentences and persuasive techniques such as logos, pathos, and ethos, Thomas is able to alter the perception of the creeping demon into an exotic experience. Thomas’ use of parallel sentences creates his mood about death and why it is Nature’s job to help us through it. He points out in his essay that reading books on death causes a person to wonder how they will react when they encounter death. He seeks to assure the reader by saying that â€Å"if you know not how to die, never trouble yourself; Nature will in a moment†¦instruct you; she will †¦do the business for you†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (275). The idea of the unknown creeps in the back of human thought because people are not sure how they will handle it; ergo they read books to prepare them for the unexpected arrival of death. With the use of parallel sentence structure, he emphasizes to the reader that they will be taken care of if they are faced with the grim situation by repeating the word â€Å"you†. This technique and word usage engraves the concept of death in the mind and makes the audience follow through the sentence confident that Nature will be there to assist them in the process. The road to death is a dreaded destination man and animal wish not to face alone. Through Thomas’ elucidation, nature is the mother that guides the individual and makes the journey a peaceful one. He creates his effective essay by using persuasive techniques such as pathos. Thomas illustrates that nature takes away the pain that accompanies death by telling a story of a â€Å"field mouse, at the jaws of an amiable household cat†¦with pain beyond bearing†¦all over his small body† (273). The mouse, at the gates of death, gets a shot of adrenaline, which dampened the mouse’s feeling of pain while  he is dying in the cat’s orifice. Nature has created a security blanket that covers up the excruciating pain that causes death to be an unpleasant experience. He builds emotion by walking the reader through the mouse’s painful encounter with the house cat and his experience of death. He makes the audience feel the intensifying pain covering every particle of the mouse’s body until he dies. The mouse’s experience can be explained through reason and scientific analysis. Lewis brings out another persuasive technique, logos, to prove his point of the dying field mouse. He starts by stating that at the instant the mouse is trapped between the cat’s teeth, â€Å"peptide hormones are released by cells in the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland†¦Ã¢â‚¬  to cause no pain to the dying mouse. (274). Thomas’ use of logos brings the reader up to speed on the scientific definition of death and pain. It explains how the body reacts when faced with death and uncertainty. The author’s explanation of the bodily defense mechanism creates logic and reason for the phenomenon that occurs. Whether or not death is defined scientifically or spiritually, death is the ultimate test of the endurance of one’s character when faced with the decision to fight or flee. Thomas’ excellent use of ethos in his essay best illustrates the endurance of one’s character. He extracts a part of another essay by Montaigne to show how death can be an experience that causes a person to rethink life. Montaigne, during a riding accident, was caused to rethink the natural process of death and how it felt to come close to it. Thomas quoted Montaigne to illustrate that â€Å"in order to get used to the idea of death†¦there is nothing like coming close to it† (274). By using Montaigne’s near death experience, Thomas is able to achieve ethos. Thomas wanted to exemplify to the audience that death is an experience that is more then the end of a life, but the reevaluation of one’s current existence. With the current thoughts and experiments of death, Thomas has successfully instructed the reader toward his direction of thought. By using persuasive language and rhetorical writing style, he made his essay a convincing argument that death is a natural and exotic experience everyone is  eventually faced with. The persuasive style of writing like parallel sentences, logos, ethos, and pathos draws the reader into the essay and makes him understand the idea of death. The reader gets the impression that natural death becomes an extraordinary and exhilarating experience all beings are destined to face.

Catching Fire

Catching Fire by Suzanne Collins, this book is number two of the Hunger Games series. This book over all was pretty good and I think I’m going to read the 3rd. Before I start to give my reasons for the words I want to say why I used the colors I did. I used a black back ground because she is being thrown into this unknown world again when she really should be living a life of luxury but because she outsmarted the game makers this is what she gets.I used Red yellow and orange for the colors of the words because of the books name, how it looked against the black and the book is overall about fighting and when I think of fighting and death those are some of the colors that come to mind. I picked the word I did because I felt they really had mixed meanings in the book. What I mean by this is that things can be good and bad all at the same time. Rebellious is one of the most impotent words because the book has mostly to do with rebellion.Katness’s mocking jay it self has bee n a sign of rebellion because the people love what she did in the hunger games last time and the capitol is going to try and make sure that it doesn’t happen again. Battle and rebellious go hand in hand with Katness. That is here personality in general not just laying down and giving up in the hunger games when she was all alone hunting in the woods even though she could have been caught and whipped just like gale was.It’s just the person she is and through out the whole book. I think Killed is also a good word to describe this book. This is a word with mixed meanings. Peeta is dead it’s a bad and a good thing. Its bad because he’s dead and that just not good but its also good because Katness can stop pretending to have this love with Peeta even though it is very clear that she is in love with gale.It lets her be true to her self and gale witch is very important because she is not one who likes to live a lie. Brave is also another great word to describe a lot of people in this book. The hunger games is a hard thing to go through knowing that you could be killed at any time and there’s not much you can do about it is a hard thing. Also Katness and Peeta going up against people who have been training there whole life for the games just inset fair.

BMW Human Resources Policy

BMW Human Resources Policy Organisations, Analysis and Policy REPORT To: Senior Management From: Group Accountant Date: 2 nd May 2005 Subject: BMW Organisational Analysis andHuman Resources Policies This report will provide a detailed analysis of BMW’scurrent corporate appraisal analysis. This will help to identify the company’scurrent strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. This will help thecompanies decision makers understand where the organisation is now. The reportwill also critically evaluate BMW’s human resources policy as a key area of theorganisation. We will highlight how BMW has strategically responded to thedrivers for change in terms of its structure, conduct and performance. Finally,offer recommendations for the future development and improvements in humanresource management, and how those will impact on its organisational structure,conduct and performance. Company Background The BMW Group is the only manufacturer of automobiles andmotorcycles worldwide that concen trates entirely on premium standards andoutstanding quality for all its brands and across all relevant segments. With the brands BMW, MINI andRolls-Royce Motor Cars, the BMW Group has been focussing on selected premiumsegments in the international automobile market since the year 2000. In thesucceeding years, the launch of the BMW 1 Series meant an expansion of themodel range in the premium segment of the lower middle class and the BMW 6Series did likewise in the segment of the large CoupÃÆ'Â ©s and Convertibles. TheMINI marque was launched and production began in the Oxford plant in 2001. In2003, the BMW Group assumed marque responsibility for Rolls-Royce Motor Cars.At the same time, the Worldwide Head Office and Manufacturing Plant inGoodwood, GB, was built. ( AnInternal and corporate analysis in terms of strength, weaknesses, opportunitiesand threats (SWOT) will assist in gaining an understanding of where BMW iscurrently in terms of strengths and where improvement is required w ithin thebusiness and what outside environmental threats it may face as well as what newopportunities are available to the company in the short and medium term. Figure 1:BMW SWOT Analysis STRENGTHS Diverse ranges of Products – BMW, MINI and Rolls-Royce Strong Cash Flow Position Increase turnover and trading profits Strong Balance Sheet World’s leading Premium Quality Automobile Manufacturer Brand Awareness Human resources Capabilities to turn resources into advantages OPPORTUNITIES New Products Market shift to globalisation Innovation & Alliances Customers demand change to more comfortable and relevantly cheap cars Diversification New Technologies in Automobiles WEAKNESSES Perception of High Prices Customer disinterest Environmental issues: Pollutions Buyer sophistication and knowledge Substitute products or technologies THREATS New & existing competition Volatility in Price of Fuel New legislations Consequences of the oil crisis September 11 th Economic recession Market shift to globalisation Takeover bids Far-East Automobile companies expansion Extremely high competition for customers and resources The Five Forces Model Figure2: Five Forces Model – ACCA Paper 3.5 (2001) Threats from Potential entrants Suppliers Bargaining power Competitive Rivalry Buyers Bargaining power Threats from Substitutes Porterexplains that there are five forces inherent in a market, which will jointlydetermine the intensity of competition and profitability of BMW and theautomobile industry. The first is the threat posed by new entrants, the highcapital expenditure and confidence of customers represent significant barriersto entry and the market is also sensitive to reputation. However, the emergentof low cost manufactures do pose a significant threat (as illustrated by figure2). There is an opportunity in the low price/ low economy (fast) sector. MaybeHyundai or Daewoo could consider introducing a low cost sport saloon. The second is the threats from substitutes, as thereare many make and model of other premium branded cars, hence, Jaguar, MercedesBenz, Audi etc. The third force is the threats from the bargaining power ofbuyers, is this strong for both BMW and the entire automobile industry with alarge number of alternative suppliers, hence, the aggressive pricing strategy.This results in a very strong competitive rivalry in the industry. This isintensified as a result of little or no differentiation in the basic productoffered. Finally the threats from the suppliers bargaining power, this isfairly low in the automobile industry, due to dual sourcing strategies, using arange of alternative sources of supply for parts.

What are the pros and cons of Genetically Modified Organisms Research Paper

What are the pros and cons of Genetically Modified Organisms - Research Paper Example Genetically modified organism has many advantages and disadvantages those scientists and nations are contemplating on the use on human food. Genetically modified organism has been greatly tested by a scientist who has found their effects to be safe to humans. The studies indicate the organisms are safe for consumption. Many countries that are experiencing food shortage have been encouraged to grow and develop genetically modified foods which mature faster to meet their needs (Sonal 76). Genetically modified organism help increase food supply. These organisms grow very fast than the normal organisms hence is a solution to the increasing population and demand for more food. The fast growing will also increase the income for the farmers since they will get their produce within a short period. Genetically modified organisms create plants that are better resistant to pests, weeds, and other diseases. This will help to reduce the budget used in farming (Braman 42). The farmers will also not be exposed to harmful pesticides and soil will remain natural and fertile for longer. Genetically modified organism also creates efficient use of land and fewer uses of herbicides and pesticides. Genetically modified crops grow very big and occupy its space in the farm. Fewer pesticides and herbicides are used because all the crops get just what it requires. It eventually helps the soil retain its fertility unlike the soils exposed to pollution of the herbicides. Genetically modified organisms create food with better texture, flavor, and nutritional value. The food will help adding the nutritional value since most genetically modified foods have a high value of protein in them (Duvauchalle 213). The consumers will not need to add a supplement of proteins in their meals. Genetically modified organisms create food with longer shelf life. This means the foods will stay fresh for longer before they can expire. The food can be transported to further destinations and are able to

Vietnamese Cultural Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Vietnamese Cultural Health - Essay Example The vast majority of the approximately 700,000 Vietnam-born persons living in the U.S. arrived here as refugees from 1975 to the present. While there are many shared cultural traits among all the Vietnamese-Americans, such as the Vietnamese language and strong emphasis on the extended family. The first group of refugees to come to the U.S. in 1975 was educated and urban professionals (and their families) who were airlifted directly from Saigon. They were closely associated with American interests in Vietnam, so many spoke English and were familiar with American culture. This group has for the most part gone on to resume their professional lives in the United States, including serving as staff members of social service agencies, which assist more recently arrived Vietnamese. In contrast, the second wave of Vietnamese refugees, arriving from the late 1970's through the mid 1980's, included a much higher proportion of merchants, farmers and other rural Vietnamese who escaped Communist Vietnam in small boats. These "boat people" suffered extreme hardship and loss through the refugee process, often remaining in harsh refugee camps for years. Many who came from rural origins or limited educational backgrounds have had a more difficult time adapting to urban U.S. life - while others from rural backgrounds found that intelligence and persistence are stronger than 100 generations of rural deprivation. This photograph is of a woman and children shortly after being picked up in the South China Sea in 1979. Finally, the third wave, continuing to arrive to the present, come to the U.S. under more "orderly" programs, typically on the basis of their statuses as political prisoners in Vietnam, or offspring of Vietnamese women and American fathers ("Amerasians"), two groups who faced serious discrimination in Vietnam. They come with their families, in the case of Amerasians, more often than not the father is unknown or otherwise out of the picture. Because of their experience as refugees, Vietnamese-Americans on the whole are at high risk for many communicable diseases like tuberculosis, hepatitis B and parasitism as they arrive to the U.S. Over time, as many face accessibility barriers to medical care because of such factors as limited English skills, transportation difficulties, and cultural misunderstandings, they are at risk for more chronic problems like hypertension, heart disease, cancer and diabetes. In addition, many Vietnamese refugees also suffer mental health problems like post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a result not only of the horrors they experienced as refugees but also due to the adjustment difficulties in attempting to retain their traditional values in the face of the dominant American culture. Traditional Vietnamese perceptions of health Between 1975 and 1995, thousands of refugees left Vietnam to build their new life in the United States. The Vietnamese, with the Cambodians and Laotians, make up the largest group

Skip navigation links BFS 3440-07B BUILDING CONSTRUCTION FOR FIRE Essay - 1

Skip navigation links BFS 3440-07B BUILDING CONSTRUCTION FOR FIRE PROTECTION (BFS3440-07B) - Essay Example Preplanning a building enables fire fighting officers to have easy access to the building and safely perform fire fighting operation in the event of a fire outbreak. It helps to guarantee that fire fighters would have the upper hand during firefight. Preplanning a building would help the fire protection engineer to effectively coordinate the different types of fire protection systems in the building such as the coordination of fire separations with the architectural designs, the coordination of the smoke control systems with the Heating, Ventilation and air-conditioning systems (HVAC) system, coordination of the fire alarm and the inlet/outlet systems with the security of the building, coordination of the tamper switches and sprinkler system water flow with the fire alarm system and the coordination of penetrations of the fire rated assemblies with the ductworks, piping and wiring penetrations. These series of coordination ensures the safety of life and property and maximum protection of the building in the event of a fire outbreak. Planning a building for the prevention of a fire outbreak assists in providing the fire fighting officer with adequate information about the building structure and allows the fire fighting officers to efficiently utilize their resources. Information such as those on the exits, floor layouts and the construction, which were obtained as a result of preplanning the building will ensure firefighter safety and would help in performing search and rescue more conveniently and efficiently. It is necessary to involve fire protection system engineers in the planning stages of a building as this would provide greater design flexibility, lead to an innovation in design and construction and produce better fire fighting

The description, feeding and threats of Arabian oryx Essay

The description, feeding and threats of Arabian oryx - Essay Example It has black markings on its face and legs and is of the size of a deer. It has reasonably long legs with wide hooves that help them in running in deserts. It possesses a splendid peripheral vision that helps it in spotting predators. It has the ability to increase its body temperature and make it higher than the ambient air in order to lose inordinate body heat (Walther, 1990). Although, sweating also helps the animal in loosing heat. The ability to increase its body temperature permits the Arabian Oryx to release heat into the surroundings. The brain is, however, protected during the process of increasing body temperature by the cool blood that returns from the nasal pathways, thus absorbing heat from arterial blood that is destined for the brain (Walther, 1990). (National Wildlife Research Center, 2007). The Oryx leucoryx (Arabian Oryx) is also known as white Oryx. It is a moderate-size antelope with a distinguishable shoulder bump, a tufted tail and long and unbowed horns. It is a bovine and is the smallest-sized member of the genus Oryx, native to steppe and deserted regions of the Arabian Peninsula. By the years 1970s, the Oryx leucoryx had vanished in the wild but was preserved in private preserves and zoos and then was reintroduced, in 1980s, into the wild (Wildscreen, 2013). It was enlisted as an endangered species in 1986 on the IUCN Red List while it was the first animal species that was reverted to vulnerable status after being categorized as extinct species in the wild. The populations of Arabian Oryx, in 2011, were estimated to be more than 1,000 animals in the wild while there are around 6,000-7,000 animals in the preservation areas and zoos worldwide (Wildscreen, 2013). General Description The scientific name of Arabian Oryx is Oryx leucoryx. It belongs to the Order Artiodactyla, family Bovidae. Its range of habitat noticed formerly was Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Arabian Peninsula and Sinai. Sand deserts and gravel plains constitute the habita t of Arabian Oryx. Its diet includes herbs, fruits, grasses, melons and roots. The average body length has been found to be around 5.3 ft/ 160cm. The average shoulder height is approximately 2.7-3.4 ft/ 81-102 cm. The tail length has been recorded to be 1.5-2 ft/ 45-60 cm while its weight is 143-154 lb/ 65-70 kg (AZA, 2009). The colour of its coat is white in colour, without any colour washes, as noticed in the other species of Oryx. The colour of its legs is brownish black, excluding the ankles, which have white bands. Its face is spotted with black splotches that run from the eyes, beneath the jowls and down the cheeks, and dark hair triangles are noticeable down the nose bridge as well as on the forehead. The tasselled tail of the Arabian Oryx is somewhat dark brown and black. The unbowed, long, ridged horns are noticed in both sexes of the Arabian Oryx, growing 1.6-2.2 feet/ 50-68 cm long (AZA, 2009). It is a white, graceful antelope, standing 3 to 4 feet tall and around 300 pou nds weight, with black markings on the legs and face. Its white cost radiates the sunlight while during cold mornings heat is absorbed by the dark legs from the ground. The wide ears of the Arabian Oryx are circular at the tips. It is a keen-sighted animal, alert and wary, which protects itself by lowering its head in order to point forward its horns (AZA, 2009). The wandering herd comprises a leading male and various females with their young ones. Arabian Oryx is able to go without water for long periods, and the

CF&F Employee Survey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

CF&F Employee Survey - Essay Example It also involves diagnosing those areas where employees are likely to be most sensitive to change. All of these factors for overcoming resistance to change can be achieved through a well-devised and thoughtfully implemented employee survey. The survey that is outlined within this document is designed to determine the extent of employee engagement with the organization in its current state, as well as how engaged employees would feel if certain changes were implemented. Ideally, the survey would be administered by the company's human resources department so that all employee levels could participate objectively. Indeed, resistance to change can certainly be prevalent at every level - from front line workers to senior management. In this case, many employees and managers have a vested interest in the established culture and do not want to see any changes. Nepotism has been identified as a significant problem within the organization; and there is a growing resentment of management among hourly workers due to the authoritarian manner in which they have been managed. Moreover, the level of concern for regulatory compliance is unacceptably low, an attitude that has trickled down from management to the hourly employees. Please select the number that corresponds to your level of ... 1 2 3 4 5 My immediate supervisor cares about my success. 1 2 3 4 5 There is a direct relationship between my work and the company's success. 1 2 3 4 5 I have an equal chance of advancing within the company to any of my co-workers. 1 2 3 4 5 I am fairly compensated for the work I do in my company. 1 2 3 4 5 I share some responsibility for ensuring the company operates ethically and legally. 1 2 3 4 5 My company cares about my individual opinion and needs. 1 2 3 4 5 My company has provided me with the resources I need to do my job effectively. 1 2 3 4 5 I would recommend my company as a place of employment to friends and associates. 1 2 3 4 5 I am confident in my company's senior management. 1 2 3 4 5 My company needs to make changes in order to ensure future success 1 2 3 4 5 What is your job function: 1: hourly worker 2: frontline manager 3: mid-level manager 4: senior manager Results and Communication of Findings The survey is likely to show that hourly employees are relatively unhappy with the present state of the organization as compared to the managers. They will probably be more likely to indicate a lack of connection between their own success and that of the organization. They will probably also disagree with the statement that management cares about their success, and that they have an equal chance for advancement within the organization as compared with their coworkers. Hourly employees will be more likely than managers to indicate that the company needs to make changes. Managers will express a higher level of confidence in senior management than will hourly employees; and they will likely feel more fairly compensated for their work. All levels will express some level of

Internal and External Business Environments Research Paper

Internal and External Business Environments - Research Paper Example Answer of Question 1 The main five segments of the of the general business environment that tend to have significant effect on an industry and all the companies belonging to an industry (irrespective of the size and revenue) happens to be macro environmental forces in the form of political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental or better known as PESTLE. Although it is needless to say that all the factors are of great significance but as per the requirement of the study economic and social factors have been chosen as the two most significant forces to reckon with. The main reason for such choice is the fact that these two factors only affects the businesses & the industry but also have a close interrelation with the other forces and corresponding affect on the businesses and the industry (Porter, 1980). Economic factors The retail industry in U.S. happens to be second largest industry in the country. The industry is responsible for 12% of the overall employment of the country. Majority of the retail industry is dominated by the organized retail chains. The country has the presence of some f the major global retailers in the form of Wal-Mart (the largest in the world) followed by Kroger, Target, Best Buy, the Home Depot, etc. However, like many other industries the retail industry is also looking to combat the wrath of the 2008 economic downturns. The economic downturn coupled the high level of competition has meant that the growth rate of the industry is going to be slow as the economy is still going through a stage of downturn. The economic downturn has also increased the unemployment rate and reduced the disposable income which most certainly will continue be a reason for the slow growth rate. It is needless to say that Wal-Mart has been affected by the economic conditions just like any other retailers. However, there have been certain opportunities that have been available to the industry such as the free trade zone. Also in the year 2009, the retailer awarded benefits worth $2 billion that included bonuses, contributions, profit sharing and attractive merchandise discounts. Here it is to be noted that this was a move that was respected by the employees and the government also most of the retailers were looking to cut down on costs and employee benefits during that period of time. But from the perspective of growth it is to be said that the company needs to focus a lot more on the operations in the emerging economies. Simply because, the economy of Germany, UK, USA is matured in nature and provide very little opportunity for growth; On the contrary the emerging economies like India and china have a relatively un-taped market and hence would provide would provide a lot more opportunity for growth than some of the matured economies. Social Factors Off late the retail industry in the country has witnessed a paradigm of shift in the domain of consumer behavior. This actually has been an affect multiple factors. Due to th e environmental concern regarding global warming the customers have become a lot more environmental conscious and like to consume green products. Consumers have also become a lot of health conscious too. Also, as mentioned above the due to the economic downturn there has been a rise in the unemployment rate and dip in the disposable income of the people. Unlike earlier due the hectic and complex schedules and high fuel costs the people prefer to

Guest speaker paper Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Guest speaker paper - Movie Review Example The presentation seems to cover the fundamental aspects of marketing and their relevance in the hospitality industry. Incorporation of the modern advancement in information technology is highlighted by the guest speaker as instrumental in determining the success of hospitality industry. Marketing must therefore include comprehensive consumer feedback systems. This would help the hospitality company to make necessary adjustments and fill the demand gap which will go a long way in boosting the image of the firm. The speaker focusses on the need to adopt new hospitality and travel marketing management practices in order to remain relevant in the market (Nykiel,2012). Positioning is pointed out as a critical tool in enhancing the positive outcome in any marketing endeavors. This would be achieved through in-depth analysis of market trend and emerging consumer behavior. Market segmentation and 8Ps are explored by the speaker as they are considered core in boosting the overall set goals. E mbracing diverse cultural background of the hospitality consumer community is a strong variable when it comes to attaining customer satisfaction. The presentation has exhausted the expected marketing plan strategies and its impact in determining the success of an existing company or potential entrant. The speaker’s contribution in hospitality marketing offers an insight into the underlying concepts in organization success. Management practices and flexibility to emerging changes remains key in achieving short and long term goals. It is worth to note that intensifying competition in the hospitality industry calls for sound marketing plan. The plan must accommodate changes as market trend evaluation takes course. Hospitality and travel industry has experienced significant changes due to the influence of globalization (Nykiel, 2012). In essence, I believe the speaker’s ideas would be helpful in understanding the marketing management transition

Discuss Dickens treatment of the Victorian concept Essay Example for Free

Discuss Dickens treatment of the Victorian concept Essay Discuss Dickens treatment of the Victorian concept of a gentleman in Great Expectations. Great Expectations is a novel about a boy called Pip and is of him growing up. One day a lawyer turns up at his sisters house saying he has great expectations of him. A mysterious benefactor is giving money through the lawyer to Pip. Pip spends this money on what he thinks is becoming gentleman i. e. buying new furniture. However towards the end of the novel, when Pip finds out who his mysterious benefactor really is, he realises what a true gentleman is, a man of great principles and, a person with good manners. The novel is written by a much older Pip looking back at his life and being amazed at some of the mistakes he actually made. In Great Expectations, every character has there own opinion of what a real gentleman should be like. Pip, the main character of the novel; while he is still a teenager thinks that a real gentleman should have a lot of money, wear expensive clothes, know how to read and write and should go to a gentlemans club. Whereas towards the end of the novel, when he is much more grown up, he realises that a true gentleman has good manners and is loyal. Dickens wrote this novel in many sections, which appeared in a newspaper, as the story became so famous the sections were collaborated into a novel. The novel was written in Victorian times, and like many of his novels they were about the times and the attitudes of all people of society. In this novel Dickenss message to the Victorian people was that to be true gentleman one did not have to be of a rich family or have lots of money; but a true gentleman was loyal, treated others with great respect and had immaculate manners. In modern society we all think that a gentleman should treat others with respect, dress smartly, have excellent manners and be well behaved in public. However some people follow the literal meaning of a gentleman, being that the individual comes from a noble / family. In the novel Pip makes friends with Bently Drummel, who is a gentleman by definition of a dictionary, however what Pip realises a true gentleman is, Bently Drummel is not. There are many things about Bently Drummel that convinces the reader that Bently Drummel is not a true gentleman. Firstly for example he beats his wife, which a true gentleman would never do. A true gentleman would treat a lady with respect at all times. Bently Drummel is only a gentleman because he comes from a rich family his ethics are all completely wrong. He does not lens any money to his friends and he treats them as if they are inferior to him due to his riches. We all know that a true gentleman would never mistreat his friends and would always take great care f them. However on could also argue against these accusations, which are against Bently Drummel and say that he is in fact quite a gentleman. But that all depends upon what one defines a gentleman as. If one says that a gentleman is someone who is very arrogant, and loves himself and his riches more than anyone else then you could say that Bently Drummel is a gentleman However I think in modern day society, and what dickens is trying to put across to the reader is that it is not ones position in society; it is not ones riches that make him a gentleman but his humility, his kindness and his love for his neighbours. In the Victorians times, in which the paper is set, the book as we have said was published in small sections in the newspaper and middle and even lower class people would get to read these newspaper one way or another, so Dickenss message is not just to the rich or just to the poor but to the whole society. Another example of gentleman by definition and a true gentleman is of Compeyson and Magwitch Magwitch is not rich nor of noble decent, but has good principles, he is Pips mysterious benefactor who sends him money in order for him to become a gentleman, although it may not seem so due to the events early in the novel but Magwitch is kind and caring, as he makes sure that Pip is well looked after. Having said that Magwitch is an escaped convict yet he earns money via an honest living from which he sends money to Pip. Compeyson was Magwitchs accomplice who ran away with all the money and blamed all the crimes on Magwitch who served the time. Another thing against the Compeyson is that he had very bad principles compared to Magwitch. He conned Miss Havisham into loving him and then and on their wedding day he left Miss Havisham waiting at the altar and ran away with most of her money. This left Miss Havisham devastated she sat I a room with all the clocks stopped at the time of the wedding, she sat their in her wedding gown, very frail obviously because she was not eating well. A true gentleman could never do this to a women and this is highlighted in the way that Magwitch treats women. At the time in which this novel was released in its different sections, Dickens wanted to add enough suspense so that the reader wanted to read the next section and would remember all the previous sections. He added thrill and excitement to the section by introducing a new character relatively in each section, who has there own appearance, is from there own part of society i. e. working class, and who has their own different views and opinions. This is clearly apparent as each character has his own view, for example Estella a beautiful girl, who Pip is deeply in love with tells him that a gentleman dresses smart, has nice shoes and soft hands. IT is clear to see the message that dickens is broadcasting to the people through his novel and is seem to have an effect because it tells all the people the rich and poor that money does not make a gentleman in the eyes of the community so it is better to be happy with what one has and to have good principles and scruples.

Marketing Mix Strategy Of The Kenya Tourist Board

Marketing Mix Strategy Of The Kenya Tourist Board The Kenya Tourist Board will develop a good marketing mix strategy to attract target customers from Asian tourism market. The marketing mix will encompass 4Ps analysis that includes tailored tour packages, pricing strategies, well-designed service channels and promotion programs. Kenya is positioned as a unique and attractive holiday destination that people would like to visit. Kenya tourist Board will coordinate with travel agencies, local organizations, airplane companies, and service operators to ensure tourists have an excellent and unforgettable experience when they are visiting Kenya. The Kenya Tourist Board will plan its tour such that tourists obtain satisfactions from all touch points of services. Tourists feedback will be very important for the board to review and adjust its strategies. Kenya is well established as a leading safari destination with unique wildlife attractions in the western market. The Kenya Tourist Board will continue to provide and improve safari tour as its core product to Asian tourism market. Major safari attractions such as the Great Migration, the Big Five and Maasai Mara Reserve namely the new Seventh Wonders of the World will be focused on and promoted to Asian tourists. The Kenya Tourist Board will also plan and design special safari tours targeting at high-income earners who are willing to pay special prices to luxury activities such as balloon safari and game viewing. In recent years, Asian countries are becoming more interested in business opportunities in Africa. As the commercial center for East Africa with good facilities and hotels, Kenya is well positioned to attract MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conferences and Exhibitions). The Kenya Tourist Board will work with business organizations and companies to attract and promote conference and business events to Asian countries. The Kenya Tourist Board will plan beach and resort tour packages targeting mainly to business and family holiday tourists who tend to travel in large group size. The tourists will relax and experience the paradise of Kenya beach and shores. The tourists may choose to lay back and enjoy themselves or go out and explore Kenyas unique coastal culture. British Prince William and Kate Middleton were engaged in Kenya in November 19, 2010. This is a good change for the Kenya Tourist Board to promote and boost Kenya tourism. The engagement has worldwide publicity that will enhance Kenyas profile as a romantic holiday destination. The publicity will continue into year 2011 when the wedding will be held. The Kenya Tourist Board will promote Kenya as a romantic holiday destination to Asian tourism market along with this romance. The Kenya Tourist Board will design pricing strategy carefully because of high-competition in tourism industry from many countries and places. The board will communicate with agencies to make sure that Kenya tour package price is affordable to Asian middle-class tourists. The board will ensure that tour agencies could operate with profit, and at the same time they will not over-charge customers. Since Asian tourism market is new market for Kenya tourism, the Kenya Tourist Board will start with good promotion price to attract more tourists from Asia. Since Kenya is remote country to Asia, information availability to Asian tourists is vital for promoting Kenya tourism in Asia. The Kenya Tourist Board will set up operation offices in major Asian cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, New Delhi, and Tokyo etc. The board will collaborate with Asian local travel agencies to promote Kenya tourism to potential customers. The Kenya Tourist Boards headquarter in Nairobi will serve as main office and coordinate the operations of offices in Asian cities. The Magical Kenya is the official Kenya travel and tourism web site owned by the Kenya Tourist Board. The web pages describe attractions and provide travel guide to tourists in English and other languages including Japanese. The Kenya Tourist Board will translate the web pages into Chinese and Korean so that the board will reach Asian customers more effectively since China and Korean are the leading Internet users in the world. Promotion strategies will be discussed in details in marketing communication strategy section. Marketing Communication Strategy The Kenya Tourist Board will develop and implement marketing communication strategy for Asian tourism market. The marketing communication strategy is to focus on brand development, Internet marketing, partnership, advertisement and promotion. Brand Development In todays competitive and crowed tourism market, it is essential for Kenya to create a strong brand identity to differentiate itself from competitors. The brand image should bring not only physical experience but also emotional feelings in customers mind. Kenya is potentially one of the strongest brands in Africa for its unique African wild life and diverse landscape. However, currently Kenya is not a strong and well-known holiday brand in Asian tourism market. The Kenya Tourist Board will ensure to establish a consistent brand image of Kenya to Asian tourists through different communication channels. Internet Marketing Internet is cost-effective and easy way to reach mass customers. Many tourists especially high-educated and high-income ones search information on the Internet when planning holiday trips. The Kenya Tourist Board will make sure of Internet medias and tools effectively to promote Kenya tourism. The board will translate Magical Kenya web site into Asian languages and keep on improving the web site. The Kenya Tourist Board will sponsor Internet users to set up forums, blogs, twitters and facebooks of Kenya tourisms. Emails and newsletters with Kenya tourism news and information will be sent daily to registered users. The Kenya Tourist Board will encourage tourists to tell their stories of Kenya by giving free gifts or prizes. The Kenya Tourist board will also collect tourists feedback from Internet to improve its services and products. Partnership The marketing communication strategy and plan will not be successful without considering local culture. To conquer communication barrier, the Kenya Tourist Board will establish partnership with local agencies, companies and government organizations. The Kenya Tourist Board will collaborate with Asian government organizations to organize road shows or events like Kenya Week to promote Kenya tourism industry. The Kenya Tourist Board will help local agencies to train local staff to service customers more effectively. Advertisement and Promotions The Kenya Tourist Board will advertise and promote Kenya tourism from all touch points. The Kenya tourism magazines and brochures will be placed in Kenya Airways planes, major Asian airports and travel agencies. The Kenya tourism will be advertised on newspaper, magazine, Google web and TV program. The promotion prices will be offered to customers on Asian holidays such as National day, Chinese New Year etc.

Change Resistance In Bureaucratic Organizations In Jordan Management Essay

Change Resistance In Bureaucratic Organizations In Jordan Management Essay A method of appraising managerial employees that has received a great deal of attention in recent years is 360-degree appraisal (also known as multi-rater feedback), whereby rating are given not just by the next manager up in the organisational hierarchy, but also by peers and subordinates. Appropriate customer ratings are also included, along with an element of self-appraisal. Once gathered in, the assessment from the various quarters are compared with one another and the result communicated to the manager concerned. The idea itself is nothing new. Management writers, particularly in the United States, have long advocated the use of upward and peer appraisal as a means of evaluating management performance., but such views have taken a good deal of time to become generally acceptable. The past few years have seen the publication of the major studies of practice in this area, allowing us to reach judgement about the processes involved on the basis of solid evidence. Redman (2001, p65) quotes surveys that show around 40 per cent of major UK companies use it, and 75 per cent of companies in the United States. However, usage in smaller organisation appears to be less common. The recent CIPD survey into performance management practices found that only 14 per cent of respondents worked in organisation that used 360 degree approaches (Armstrong and Baron 2005, p65). Change Resistance in Bureaucratic Organizations in Jordan In this case writer tries to understand why employees resist to accept something new introduced to them, Khassawneh (2005) highlights the reasons and causes behind employees resistance to administrative and hierarchal change in several bureaucratic organizations in Jordan. There were eleven factors, were identified as being major causes of change resistance in bureaucratic agencies. These factors include: inadequate financial and non-financial incentives offered to government employees, lack of employees participation and involvement in the change process, distrust between employees and higher management, expectation of more control and supervision from higher management, expectation of additional job demands and requirements, comfort with status quo, disruption of stable work standards and social relations, lack of goal clarity, lack of employees conviction in the goals of change, fear of loosing job and/or job prerogatives, and the sudden and confused manner in which change is introduced (Khassawneh, 2005) According to Khassawneh (2005) the most significant reason of resistance to change was found out to be lack of employees participation in the change process. This factor was assessed on the basis of two parameters: seniority in organization and number of training programs attended by employees. Senior employees who were part of the organization for five years or less resisted strongly due to lack of participation in the change process than their seniors who had served in the organization for periods ranging from 6-20 years. Employees who had served for five years or less in such government institutions made up 32% of the sample (133 respondents). These individuals were involved in activities concerning of an executive nature and therefore played a significant role in the running of the bureaucratic organizations. Employees who had not attended any training program felt that lack of involvement led to resistance to adopt to new processes/ systems. Therefore this attitude goes to show what an important role the training programmes play, boosting employee morale and involvement as training enables individuals to discover their strengths and weaknesses and also instill in them a sense of belonging in their organization. Therefore the respondents who did not get an opportunity to participate in any training programs claimed to have low sense of involvement with the organization treated the management with greater suspicion, than those who took part in certain training programmes for their career development. Another major cause of resistance to change was as found out by Khassawneh (2005) was lack of proper incentives. This lack of proper incentives was correlated to five of background characteristics of respondents which were namely; seniority, administrative rank, number of training programs attended, age and level of education (Khassawneh, 2005). Younger, low level ranking employees resisted more due to lack of proper incentives. Employees who have served for longer periods of time tend to receive greater incentives as the longer they remain in a government organization. Resistance to adopt a new system also came about when the employees viewed the management with suspicion and distrust (Khassawneh, 2005). Younger employees working at a low level position who did not get adequate decision making authority or those who did not attend enough training programs were mainly the individuals who highly resisted any sort of newly introduced change. Khassawneh (2005) states that if such low ranking employees are also not given enough information regarding the change process, then such employees would always create issues in the organization. The IBM Making Change Work Global Study IBMs (2008) research department addressed the issues as to why most organizations cannot bring about a change successfully in an organization. IBMs research was conducted using a sample size of more than 1,500 key practitioners through surveys and detailed interviews. The purpose of the research was to find out why implementing a change program was met with resistance by the employees and why the program failed to be implemented in most organizations successfully. The study revealed that 44% the projects failed to be completed on deadlines, or within budget or without decided quality of end goals, while 15 percent either ceased or failed to meet any of the objectives. The reasons cited for these failures range from lack of clarity of goals, failure to execute the project successfully from the perspective of the top management and lack of employee involvement, age factor, educational level and fear of new change from the perspective of the employees. The major challenges to change were divided on two parameters; soft factors and hard factors. The soft factors of resistance to change included: changing mindsets and attitudes, corporate culture, complex nature of the change process, lack of dedication from the side of upper level management, and deficiency of motivation of employees involved. While the hard factors of resistance to change included: shortage of resources, lack of change information, not much transparency because of incomplete or unreliable information, change of process change of IT systems, technology barriers. It is was found out from this study that while the hard factors play an important part in hindering the process of change, surprisingly it was the soft factors that was harder to get right. Altering thinking, behaviours and norms of an entity typically need different methods and skills that are applied time after time and over the time. Sometimes they require being applied over a series of consecutive assign ments and even some of them often continue after the project has been finished formally. (IBM, 2008). In order to overcome these resistances, the study then focused on the parameters that made a change successful. While leadership, employee engagement and honest communication were cited as the major areas providing impetus for change; again the list was divided into hard and soft factors that made a change process successful. The soft factors comprised of: higher managements commitment and support, employee motivation and participation, open and accurate communication on timely basis, organization environment and culture that motivates and promotes change. The hard factors included: efficient training programs, adjustment of performance measures, efficient organization structure and monetary and non-monetary incentives. The major responsibility of implementing the change was that of the top management. The results of the research revealed that Practitioners firmly place key responsibility for the fate of change projects in the executive suite, an overwhelming 92 percent named top man agement sponsorship as the most important factor for successful change (IBM, 2008). Therefore it can be concluded from this study that while employees would always be suspicious of any kind of change and would resist the efforts of the management out of this fear and suspicion. It depends upon the top management to ensure timely communication, encouragement of employee involvement and appointing of professional change agents would pave the way for a successful change processes for any organization. Factors Affecting Resistance to Change: A Case Study of Two North Texas Police Departments Gaylor (2001), tried to explore the issues that affect conflict with change. For this purpose a law enforcement agency was chosen as the case in point i.e. two North Texas Police departments where the police consequence of mature education and expectation on the police teams level of opposition to change and the results of contribution and mutual understanding on reliance were examined. There were 5 factors that were identified as very influential on organizational change. These factors were: 1) Employee participation in resistance to change, 2) Trust in management, 3) Communication process, 4) Quality of information available and 5) Education (Kent, 2001) Research resulted that factors that affect resistance from employee side are involvement in the process, believe in management, processes of communication within organization, and exchange of information. The synopsis by Kent (2001) states that employee involvement in the process of change encourages him to feel to be owner for the new system and therefore, boosts the level of comfort and trust between employees and the management. Secondly, the organization needs to have a proper system of communication for employee remedy and support. This also increases the level of trust between the two stakeholders. Third, employees must be provided with accurate and timely information so as to reduce the level of chaos that is normally created at the time of change in any organization. And finally, to feel secure about their jobs and statuses and other issues of change process, employees have to have a high level of trust in management. Leading and Coping with Change Woodword Hendry in 2004 undertook 2 surveys to look at different perspectives in research on how change is being managed in financial services institutions of Londons. These involved representatives of senior management personnel who were responsible for initiation of change in the organizational and all other employees inclusive of managers experiencing change while serving at different levels. The aims of the study were: To define the skills and attitudes required to lead change and those needed effectively to cope with change and To develop a model to show how change is absorbed within the organization They organized their findings in five parts as described below, which have been arranged in the following manner. In the 1st section, as people keep on seeking to explore that what is going on in their organization, states what the employees and employers consider as the main pressures for change, their formal boss responses, and in what ways these changes have impacted their careers. Then, as conventional ways of working are tempered, in parts two and three they show how people cope and what different resources are required in terms of skills and competencies to perform well in this new changed environment. Then in part four they describe specific qualities required by the change managers to cultivate with respect to employee needs. Finally, they state what the organizations do in order to support their employees throughout the change process, and how senior management and employees perceive this. The results of this research provide the researchers with reasons behind the failure of many initiatives of change process and how failures may be managed successfully. Woodword Hendry (2004) then investigated what various employee coping strategies were adopted during the change process. They told employees to indicate the level of their readiness in responding to any further changes in their job or work. A considerably large fraction of those who were surveyed were seen to be ready for the change and considered it a part of life with a positive feel about it. As coping is about creating a balance between demands and living within the limitation of the system, employees were told to specify main hindrances they had to handle with in the new environment. Five factors that were extracted from this exercise were: Increased accountability but reduced resources. A focus on tasks with a corresponding neglect of employees. Feelings of insecurity and uncertainty in roles and direction. Other employees not coping and lacking skills to adapt. Managers themselves failing to cope, and employing poor coping strategies. On a question of most helpful personal coping strategies, employees listed several strategies, which included from proactive approach to denial or avoidance. The researchers also studied the various competencies that are required for coping with the change. Adapting to negative or positive coping strategies is affected by the way in which employees perceive demands and resources balance in the new employee-to-work relationship in changed environment. Hence, coping strategies are influenced by the availability of resources. Skills and competencies are a major personal resource. Employees specified a number of skills and competencies they found especially helpful in absorbing and coping with change: Communicating with others holding different perspectives (since nowadays people work in teams for many activities). Organizing work and managing time effectively (in response to increased job scope and the need to meet a variety of objectives). Assimilating and interpreting information (to identify significant information and filter out irrelevancies). Dealing with people (since financial and professional service organizations deliver many of their services through people). Innovative problem solving. Also specifying the above mentioned skills, employees rated many other personal abilities, skills and qualities as very important. These include motivation; judgment accuracy; customer need understanding; commercial awareness; ability of influencing and negotiation; lively mind; and positive attitude towards change. Senior managers were of the view that key personal skills or capabilities of performing well in a dynamic environment should also contain a dedication to change, acceptance of the changing situation, an ability to gel in the changed environment, and a variety of personality traits. Woodword Hendry (2004) then go on to discuss how important is it to for the change managers to lead change in a competent manner. However, this important part is still overlooked by a considerable minority level, with 33 percent of senior managers claiming that human aspects were ignored in the change initiatives. Only 20 percent employees rated the concerned management as very able enough to implement changes in the organization. Almost all the rest had equally divided responses, ranging from average to poor. In spite of the low rating, employees were observed have a sense of sympathy and appreciation for difficulties faced my management in leading and managing the change. Employees were inquired as to when and how sometimes it becomes difficult or hard for employees to absorb change or adopt it. These key areas were classified into six categories, as follows: Communicating (not being kept informed, receiving conflicting messages, wanting to understand but not being given explanations); The change process itself (when change is perceived as happening too slowly or too fast, when leaders are seen to hold unrealistic expectations, or when change is managed with incorrect sequencing); Relationships (including situations when change leaders seem remote and isolated from employees, do not exhibit constructive attitudes and behaviours, or behave in an autocratic fashion); Consultation (when employees do not feel they are informed or consulted, and when staff needs and ideas are disregarded); Skills and experience (when change leaders are seen as lacking the required skills, abilities and experience, and when the change leader lacks credibility); Motivation for change (when there appears a lack of involvement or motivation for change at the top, or among senior managers elsewhere in the organization). The employees were also inquired about how managers, actions could be was most helpful to them to cope with changes in the organization. Out of 19 objects gathered from the traditional change management literature, each except one was rated very helpful or quite helpful. Senior managers identified the competencies such as strong leadership, purpose/mission clarity, enthusiasm, participative employees, and improved communication. These were somehow similar with then ones identified by the employees. Again this is not applicable to conventional behaviours and with top-down attitude. Finally, employees were told to express their feelings on the extent they received support while the implementation of change in the organization with the statement: employees are provided with adequate problem prevention and support to cope with organization changes. While a majority of the senior management staff agreed with this statement, less than 25 percent of employees did. There is, therefore, a gap in how each looks at the quantity of support provided. For example, a majority of employees said that their employer entity let them have sufficient authority to get their work done in an effective manner, and hence, there existed better professional relationships but for other factors, only a minority reported availability of support. On the other hand, the most common mechanisms of support that senior managers report included detailed career development counseling with their employees so that they could be skilled enough to be ready their new job responsibilities; skills enhance ment; telling them as to where the organization is heading, and what would be the roles and responsibilities of employees; measures to make sure that there is an alignment between structures and systems and improved salary and perks packages through career management programmes. Comparing this with what employees report, Woodword Hendry (2004) state that employees and managers do agree on some of the important points, but show disagreement on how adequately the provision of these is. Managers also rely on comparatively few major sources of support. Eventually, organization employees emphasize more or less entirely on those things that give them a sense of control and autonomy, while managers rely on the things which they control as managers. This then continues in the pattern where senior managers exhibit a traditional leadership model, while employees be able to get a wide variety of behaviours that are useful for them.

A Separate Peace; Chapter Summaries :: essays research papers

A Separate Peace; Chapter Summaries Chapter 1: The narrator (Gene) returns to the Devon School in New Hampshire, that he graduated from 15 years earlier. He goes to a certain tree and switches back to the past. Phineas dares everyone to jump from a branch in the tree into the river. Phineas, and Gene both jump. On the way back Phineas and Gene play fight so that they are late for dinner. Chapter 2:Mr. Prud'homme, a master, stops by the boys' room to scold them for missing dinner again for the ninth time in two weeks. Phineas explains that they were late because they were jumping out of the tree to toughen up for the war. Mr Prud'homme, accepts the explanation because, he, and everyone else, feel sorry for the boys that will soon have to go to war. Chapter 3: The boys join The Super Suicide Society of the Summer Session. The club meets every night. Phineas and Gene open each night by jumping out of the tree. They make a new kind of war game called blitzball, in which everyone is everyone elses enemy. Phineas breaks the schools swimming record, but tells Gene not to tell anyone, he just wanted to do it for himself. Gene and Phineas of campus to the ocean to swim. They have a drink at the bar, the spend the night on the beach, and Phineas tells Gene he is his best pal. Gene is not sure if he feels the same. Chapter 4: Gene and Finny (Phineas) wake up and head back to Devon. Gene fails his trigonometry examination for the first time. Finny tells Gene that he studies too much. Gene thinks Finny is jealous. Gene wants to earn the Scholastic Achievement Citation to get even with Finny. Gene knows that Finny must be best and that he cannot be best if Gene becomes even with him through his studies. Gene decides that he and Finny are locked in a complete enmity rather than friendship. Finny announces Leper's intention to jump from the tree and coazes Gene away from his studies. Gene and Finny are going to jump together, Finny falls to the ground, then Gene jumps into the river. Chapter 5: Finny has a shattered leg. Gene bears private guilt. He puts on Finny's clothes and the sensation excites him. Dr. Stanpole, the school physician, informs Gene that Finny wants to see him. Finny recalls the fall, and expresses that he thought Gene wanted him to fall. Gene is about to confess when Dr. Stanpole interupts. Finny is taken to his home near Boston and Gene returns

Midevial Cooking :: essays research papers fc

Cooking in the medieval times was performed on very big scale, and food was cheap and plentiful. Foreign goods had to be bought at the nearest large town. Food trade was a primary business. It was also a way of determining class. The nobles would eat meat, white bread, pastries, and drink wine. This sort of diet caused many health problems, such as skin troubles, digestive disorders, infections from decomposed proteins, scurvy, and tooth decay. A peasant would eat porridge, turnips, dark bread, and in the north they would drink beer or ale. Women were the expert cooks, and they seasoned their food heavily with pepper, cloves, garlic, cinnamon, vinegar, and wine. They paid close attention to the appearance of their meal. For instance, they might spread the feathers of a peacock that they are serving. Also, if a the eggs of a batter didn’t make it yellow enough, they would add saffron (saffron is orange of yellow powder obtained from the stigmas of the saffron flower). Meat was expensive, so it was considered a luxury. This made butchers prosperous. The most common and least expensive was sheep. They would also eat birds: gulls, herons, storks, swans, cranes, cormorants, and vultures, just to name a few. Animals were cut up immediately after killing and salted to be preserved. Most meat was boiled because it the animals were wild, and the meat was sure to be tough. Also, almonds were often cooked with the meat for flavor. Fish was also popular. Part of this was because the church required that you eat fish on Fridays. Fish was often cooked in ale. People spent more on bread and grain then anything else, even though England had a national bread tax, which fixed the price of bread. Pastries were expensive because sugar was an import. Because medical opinion advised that fruit shouldn’t be eaten raw, it was preserved in honey and cooked into pastries. Almonds were often cooked into pastries as well. Fruit was more wild back then than it is today, so it may have been more flavorful. Most people grew their own vegetables. Also, many people owned their own cow and made cheese with its milk. They would sell most of the cheese at the local market. Only gentleman had wine, which was often diluted with water or mixed with honey, ginger, or cinnamon to sweeten it. The only hot drink that they had in those days was mulled wine, and that was served only at festivities.

Congress Essay -- essays research papers

There is a definite need for Congress in the United States. It serves many roles such as making laws, implementing national policy and watching over the other two branches of government. These are just a few of the duties of our U.S. Congress. Although they are essential to our government, there are potential problems. People are not always satisfied with the length of time involved in passing a law as well as the deadlock Congress can experience on an issue. Another potential problem people see with Congress is representation. Not all Americans feel that they are equally represented. The Congress of the United States is viewed by many as the largest branch in government. Some people might even say it is the most important. This is due to the roles Congress pays in our government. Congress is responsible for the lawmaking in our country as well as implementing national policy. The power to make laws was given to Congress by our forefathers when they constructed our constitution. Passing laws is very important to our country because without them we would be living in chaos. Of course, all our laws are not perfect but for the most part our Congress does a good job at keeping this country under control. The problems with lawmaking that most people see is the time involved in getting a law passed. In order for a bill to become a law it must first be introduced to the House or Senate, or both, then referred to a committee. This can be a very time consuming process. Anyone interested in having a law passed must realize the process involved and be patient. In addition to lawmaking Congress is also involved in passing amendments. Our nation has been able to grow and strengthen due to the amendment process. In order for our government to keep up with the changing times it is crucial that we make adjustments to the constitution. The downfall is that the amendments passed have not always kept up with changing times. Arguments against Congress would be that they taken to long in enforcing the amendments. The U.S. Congress must also implement national policy. The Congress must regulate commerce in order to create a prosperous economy. It is up to Congress to monitor the growth of the economy and be ready to act if necessary. Congress has the power to implement monetary policy in which they decrease taxes to induce spending during a slow econo... ... half the nations population are women, but the 102nd Congress had only thirty one women members. In addition, our nation is made up of mostly blue collared workers, yet the most predominant occupation of Congress members are lawyers. With this in mind the Congress must strive to understand and represent the needs of the people. Congress cannot ignore the disadvantage groups that feel unrepresented in the system. Until the enactment of Medicare in 1965, Congress declined to pass health care legislation for the elderly. There will always be people for and people against any branch in government. The reason being, government is not perfect, nor are the people who run it. Laws take time to create and policies take time to be implemented. You cannot deny the fact that regardless of the time involved these procedures are a major and necessary step. Over all Congress does a good job with the roles and duties it is given. When it comes to representation, the vote lies in our hands. We have the power to vote for who we want to represent us. We can make a difference if we get involved in electing those who share the same ideas of the people to make us a better a better nation.

Arthur Millers a View from the Bridge Essay

During the years following World War 2 there was an influx of Italian immigrants to America. The USA’s relative wealth meant that the lower socio-economic groups migrated to America in search of a better life. Arthur Miller, the playwright, came from a family of Polish-Jewish immigrants who had lost much of their wealth during the 1929 depression. He had several menial jobs one of which was as a longshoreman in Brooklyn, where he heard many stories which were his inspiration for A View from the Bridge. Because A View from the Bridge is based on real life events, its themes are based on people’s experience of life in the post-war era, Love, Justice and honour. However, love is the downfall of one of the characters, Eddie, a hero who stands up for his beliefs in order to save Catherine, or so he believes. This theme is the perfect definition of a Greek tragedy to which the play can be compared. Alfieri has two functions in the play. He is both a character and a narrator. He breaks the ‘fourth wall† and communicates directly with the audience, summarising sections of the play and allowing the middle-class audience to interpret the working-class story. We are first introduced to Alfieri at the beginning of the play where he presents a monologue which also acts as a prologue. He talks about the play in the past tense referring to it as if it has already happened and he has â€Å"Watched it run its bloody course†. The use of the word â€Å"bloody† shows that violence is a recurring theme and also implies that there is a tragic end to it. He first takes off his hat to the audience as a sign of respect and even possibly reminiscence. â€Å"You see how uneasily they nod to me? That’s because I am a lawyer.† The rhetorical question explains the relationship between him and other people in the community. Because he represents American law people treat him suspiciously. However, the fact that he is a lawyer suggests that he is educated and for this reason is highly respected in his community. The way he speaks represents his education. Miller said that he wanted to make this play a modern Greek tragedy. Classical Greek tragedies included a ‘Greek Chorus’ which was a single actor or group of actors who were characters in the play but also stepped out of the action as a narrator, to comment on the action and communicate with the audience directly. Alfieri fulfils this function and is the equivalent of the chorus in several respects. Firstly he introduces the play and its themes. The audience is instilled with a sense of trust because if his use of Standard English and because he is a lawyer. Secondly he moves the play on, he retells events which have already happened. He gives details of places, dates and times, enabling the play to move on more quickly, without the characters having to give this information. His narration is also mixed with brief comments: â€Å"He was as good a man as he had to be†¦he brought home his pay, and he lived. And toward ten o’clock of that night, after they had eaten, the cousins came†. In this quote Alfieri is setting the time which moves the play on from the previous scene and also he is explaining Eddie’s persona, † a good man† He also explains aspects of the play, for example â€Å"his eyes were like tunnels,† suggests that Eddie can’t see the whole story, he only sees a part of it. This intimate understanding of what is going on allows him to bridge a communication gap between the middle-class audience and working-class characters, enabling the audience to form an understanding of the story and the emotions that the characters are feeling. Fate is one of a series of inevitable or predetermined events, for example in the play Eddie’s ultimate fate is to die, this is clear from the beginning. We also know that because of the fate of Eddie Alfieri is powerless to stop the tragedy. We know this when he says â€Å"As powerless as I†, Alfieri cannot control fate, however he can alleviate suffering. In Alfieri’s opening monologue Alfieri expresses the idea that tragedy is timeless: â€Å"in some Caesar’s year, in Calabria perhaps or on the cliff of Syracuse, another lawyer.† The use of the name â€Å"Caesar† an ancient emperor shows the idea that humans don’t change, a Tragedy is timeless and can apply to an Ancient era, and it harks back to the Greek theme.

Environmental Policy Essay

Last month in the New York Times, Kate Galbraith noted that the campaigns of both Barack Obama and John McCain presented widely differing views on climate change and energy policy, particularly with regards to cap and trade schemes, market-based policy instruments intended to maneuver industrial sectors into reducing their greenhouse emissions. Cap and trade schemes have recently been gaining much currency within the discussions of environmental policy as a means to address the negative impacts which industry has upon the greenhouse problem. Such systems work by creating a financial incentive for emission reduction through the imposition of costs on emissions. By establishing a ‘cap’ which limits the total amount of emissions that can be made by a designated group of polluters and leaving them free to trade permits to pollute with one another, it encourages these polluters to meet or fall below the cap in a flexible market-based fashion, rather than forcing them to comply with stringent regulations that could needlessly compromise their business operations. Companies able to cut their emissions can further profit from selling their permits to those companies facing difficulty in reducing their own emissions. The incentive is that all the companies would choose to bring their emissions to cap levels and try to do so in the most cost-effective fashion. It encourages them to innovate the means to reduce emissions. Other governments have already taken action to introduce cap-and-trade schemes of their own: Australia has the New South Wales Greenhouse Gas Abatement Scheme; the Climate Change Response (Emissions Trading) Amendment Bill was recently enacted in New Zealand; and the European Parliament has its own system known as the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme. At present, no system similar to these exists in federal law, and representatives for both candidates – Dan Esty for Barack Obama, Douglas Holtz-Eakin for John McCain – maintained that this should be remedied as soon as possible. Where they disagree is how such a system should be structured. According to Esty, Obama favors distribution of emissions permits through auction, as this would force polluting businesses to pay competitively during initial distribution. Speaking for McCain, Holtz-Eakin advocates pre-determined distribution, limiting transactions to the permit trading market itself. The design of a cap and trade system is not a trivial matter. A poor design can wreck the efficacy of a cap and trade system as a policy instrument. If permits are distributed too generously, as Holtz-Eakin proposes, what could result is a situation in which industries have little incentive to expunge their business operations of greenhouse emissions, as they would effectively be operating in a trading market where permits are near worthless. Also, cap and trade systems cannot stand alone as an emission-reducing policy instrument, as there is a potential for traders to ‘game’ the market by deliberately holding out on purchasing permits until the last minute so as to reduce their value, making unreduced emissions affordable to even the worst emitter. Furthermore, cap and trade systems lack transparency and present opportunities for fraud. Worse still is that a poorly designed cap and trade system will not account for the geography of polluters, resulting in a NIMBY effect where pollution becomes localized to create ‘emissions ghettos. ’ As such, it should be recommended that any cap and trade system be designed to account for environmental justice, be subject to transparency, and should distribute permits at a market price, perhaps even stabilize such a price at a level high enough to incentivize the development of techniques and technologies to reduce emissions. Furthermore, a cap and trade system must be complemented by other policy instruments such as pollution zoning and carbon taxes. Works Cited Galbraith, Kate. â€Å"Candidates’ Advisers Spar Over Cap-and-Trade. † New York Times. 23 September 2008. Retrieved online November 9, 2008 from: http://greeninc. blogs. nytimes. com/2008/09/23/candidates-advisers-spar-over-cap-and-trade/? scp=3&sq=cap%20trade&st=cse Parker, David. â€Å"Historic climate change legislation passes. † New Zealand Government. 10 September 2008. Retrieved online November 9, 2008 from: http://www. beehive. govt. nz/release/historic+climate+change+legislation+passes Greenhouse Gas Reduction Scheme 2008, Introduction to the greenhouse gas reduction scheme, Greenhouse Gas Reduction Scheme. Retrieved online November 9, 2008 from: http://greenhousegas. nsw. gov. au/documents/Intro-GGAS. pdf Pearce, Fred. â€Å"European trading in carbon-emission permits begins. ’† New Scientist. 6 January 2005. Retrieved online November 9, 2008 from: http://environment. newscientist. com/channel/earth/dn6846-european-trading-in-carbonemission-permits-begins. html

Oral history archive department in modern libraries, Essay

The main aim of the research is to discuss the uses and the value of an oral history archive department in modern libraries, especially British libraries and American ones which are pioneers in this domain. It has been realized or discovered that the oral history archive can be used to explain the concept or idea of windowing time in physical and digital libraries. Of late digital and oral history archive libraries carry a variety of useful information and documents that include the past and present ones. This paper therefore tries to view the use and the value of this kind of sound archive in which it is divided into main categories and subsections. The first section is the introductory part that tries to give a brief explanation about the oral history archive. There is a problem in question or objective, which touches on what is to be investigated that is the use of this archive. The hypotheses are also constructed to provide answers to the objectives of the research. The other areas include research context/literature review; methodology; work plan; recourses; ethics and conclusion. 1. Working Title The use and the value of an oral history archive department in Modern Libraries and Information Centres. 2. Introduction. Many scholars realized that Oral history archive libraries can be used to obtain information as fast as possible. According to Portelli (1998), the archive holds several hours of gramophone, films, audio, video and Compact Disks. The oral history archive has been of great help in various departments because instant information has been obtained through what is called oral debriefing. This is a situation whereby a comprehensive and condensed verbal testimony is obtained from individuals (Medical Tribune 2007). Other areas where the oral history archive has been applied include areas such as psychology, witness interrogation in criminal investigations, which occur in both oral and visual formats (Sangster 1998).The archive tentatively is currently being used to help in knowledge management especially when it comes to labor market. This is an area in commerce and industry where the changing labor market requires employees to shift from one position to another or from one job to another. As this happens there is loss of organizational memory, the so called the body of data and knowledge which is relevant to an individual organization’s existence (Perk and Thomson 1998 and Gregory 1991). These therefore are of the uses of oral history archive that make it become recognized as a powerful device or tool especially in Britain to capture the already existing institutional knowledge and information. Learning has been enhanced by the use of Oral history archive. The new curriculum requires students to have sound and good communication skills that prepare them to answers questions either during interviews as they look for jobs after schooling or in classroom (Rolph 1998). Criminal investigation department also employ the use of an Oral history archive when they are interrogating criminals. 3. Aims and objectives In this section, the paper discusses the problem in question or the objectives of carrying out the research. Oral history archive has been viewed as a unique and powerful tool by people. In order to clear this perception and make things more clear, this research paper tries to answer the question. The problem to be researched on is therefore the value and the use of an oral history archive in modern libraries and information centres and why people view it as a useful tool in modern libraries. The paper shall also look at the role, if any, of the information specialist of the future in an oral history department and the skills the information specialist must have to operate in such a department. Besides, the paper shall also look at and address the question of how interviewing targets are chosen by the oral history department, how expensive it is to put up an oral history department from scratch at the various libraries, why people view it as a useful tool in the modern libraries and the skills that are required by an information specialist in order for him/her to be able to operate in the department. Today, many educationists are being encouraged to introduce oral history as a powerful tool for serious scholarships in all universities in order to encourage learning. However, there are a number of universities that have introduced and developed extensive collections of oral history while others have not realized the usefulness of the library. For example; Harvard, Princeton and University of California have taken the lead in the development and introduction of oral history archive (Gowers 2006). In addition, the university libraries mentioned above in this domain have operated smoothly from 1955, the British Library has been the pioneer for a lot of researchers of this topic. The reason is simple. The Sound Archive Department of British Library at the present time holds over a million discs, One hundred and eighty five thousand audio tapes, and a lot of video and sound records. These collections which include written literature, dramatized stuff, and music recordings plus sounds of wildlife are collected from across the world. They entail cylindrical equipment created in the nineteenth century to the most recent Compact Disks, Digital Versatile Disk and mini discs. 4. Scope and Definition In order to discover the use and the value of an oral history archive department and to create a sensible project in range and time, the scope of the project will focus mainly on the opinions of curators, librarians and others who are working in this sector. It is important though to be aware that this will emphasize basically on personal viewpoints and changing theories and therefore might not provide a perfect answer. It will also be necessary for the research to stay neutral and determined on the questioners and not go beyond the objectives set as those working in these departments will be more involved with the issues concerning their departments than be drawn to the personal issues. 5. Literature Review The literature review section tries to look at what other scholars have discussed about the same topic to be researched on. This is very important since it avoids or solves cases of duplication of other people’s work. Since other people or scholars at one time had realized the importance of Oral history archive in the modern libraries, it is therefore in order to access their ideas on the topic. The oral history archive has been viewed as a useful tool in a number of areas such as psychotherapy, witness interrogation in crime investigation and learning institutions that are provided in both oral and visual formats (Rolph 1998, Gregory 1991, Parker 1999 and Sarah 2004). According to Ritchie (2003), oral history has useful information or materials that are often ignored by librarians. This is also sometimes overlooked in relation to cost value calculation (Swain 2003). The archive has played a key role in helping in audio collection, attitude and value clarification as well as necessitating multi-media approach to learning (Christel 2006 and Thomson 2000). The most obvious area where oral history archive has been used according to Perks and Thompson (1998) is in learning institutions. This is a case where a tape recorder is used in classrooms to help students understand the concept being taught in class room. However, it has been noticed that a tape recorder has not been effectively and efficiently used as compared to the use of movie, slide or overhead projectors (Lukenbill 2002). One advantage when one uses a tape recorder is that it can be stopped anytime especially when the instructor wants to emphasize important points or to allow urgent questions arising (Thompson 2000). Tapes can also be replayed to enhance re-examining or revisiting and requesting of any order that is desirable. Proper understanding of the lesson is therefore emphasized. Since the new curriculum requires students to have skills in understanding comprehension, analysis and evaluation. Oral history has been of great use to check and examine all these concepts. It is also noted that oral communication skills are very important when it comes to times of interviews where questions are phrased (Swain 2003). The interviewer and the interviewee have to be clear and precise especially in calling for specific information. The questions asked especially during the interviews need also to be answered in the most accurate manner as possible (Ritchie 2003). According to Perks and Thompson (1998), accuracy actually plays a major role in interviews and this can be facilitated by the use of oral history archive. The concept is also emphasized by Seale (2004). As a way of facilitating learning, oral history archive through the use of tapes has facilitated immediate feedback during teaching in schools. This has been done in connection with other secondary sources like books more so in secondary schools. Students’ needs are addressed as soon as possible. This rules out cases of negative delays which is commonly experienced in the traditional scholarly research where numerous collections are required (Thompson 2000). A good teacher who knows how to use tapes only needs to locate appropriate tapes in which he is expected to prepare summarized notes according to students’ understanding. This should be done after testing the entry behavior of the students before opting to use the tapes for instruction (Parker 1999). Oral history archive has also been helpful in clinical libraries (Schacher 2001). Clinicians when giving psychotherapy to patients who are mentally disturbed have used the information contained in the Oral history archive. Such patients may be suffering from Schizophrenia or psychosis (Schacher 2001 and Thompson 2000). As patients talk about their illness the clinician is able to come up with appropriate measures to provide assistance.

Chores vs. Allowance

Great dinner, delicious,† I say getting up with my plate. Everybody agreed as my family all got up and put their plates on the counter. My step mom also grabbed the pots and pans and stacked them on top of the plates. The whole counter is eventually covered with all different types of dishes. Alright now try to guess who get to wash, scrub and clean all these dishes all by themselves, me. Every time we eat, I'm responsible for dishes, the toughest Job in the house after we eat. It's Just me, soap, a sponge, and an army of pots and pans for 45 minutes to an hour and 15 minutes.Then Just when I think I'm done the reinforcements come in and they need to washed and scrubbed to the point of spotless. I'm in the zone though washing dish by dish so that the attack force is very low on numbers and that I'm almost done. Now it's time for my reward, a pat on the back, and a ,†Good Job,† from my dad, nothing else, no money. Many kids, like the one above have to do chores aroun d the house and don't get an allowance because their parents think these chores should be mandatory. Having to do chores for no reward does not motivate the child to the work they have to do.If the child was paid a few bucks a week, the child would be more motivated to take on the responsibility of doing chores that he/she will get paid a couple of bucks for. A small cash allowance for doing a certain amount of chores would also teach the child to handle money that there working for. I believe that a weekly allowance would teach kids responsibility, and that they would work for things not expect them to be given to them, the child would also learn how to handle money more maturely. One reason why kids should get a weekly allowance for doing chores is that it teaches kids he responsibility to work for things.If your parents do everything for you, you won't take on any responsibility, which wouldn't help you in the long run when you move out of your parents' house. According to one ar ticle, â€Å"If kids have to work for their money, they also will understand and hopefully appreciate how hard it is to work and earn money,† (www. online. ws]. com). This is saying that getting paid for doing chores teaches the responsibility of working for your own money, and that money doesn't come easy. Also according to another article, â€Å"Chores teach life skills, cooperation, nd responsibility,† (www. parenttoolshop. com).This quote says that chores teach responsibility, and that kids should work for things. Although some parents might say that chores should be mandatory, because the parents take care of you, an allowance would excite kids to help and get them doing chores, rather than being forced to do something the child will argue about. A reward would also teach the child to do a Job well but it would take longer than to do the chore quick but not do it well because there not excited to do it. The reward also helps to motivate the child into doing hores so they can help but they'll still get a couple of bucks.Overall an allowance for doing chores has the potential to teach kids responsibility. Another reason why a weekly allowance for doing chores is a good idea is because kids would learn to handle money more maturely and to not waste it on stupid stutt It the child got money the child would learn to save their money so that when they get older the child won't be shop crazy and spend money at every opportunity. According to one source, â€Å"The goal of an allowance is to reinforce the lesson to kids that all money is imited and that kids will be best if they put thought into how they use it. (www. oprah. com). This says that getting money for chores will teach the child a lot about money and how to use it. If the kid learns this from an early age it will help them when they get older and are faced with tougher decisions on what they should buy. Another source also states that, â€Å"Allowances can teach money management skills; how to earn, budget and priorities purchases,† (www. parenttoolshop. com). This says that having money will teach skills that can only be taught by having money.Although some parents think that the child will waste the allowance money, then ask for more money to get something, the child will be told that since he/she is getting an allowance, he/she can't ask for more money when they run out, which will teach the child how to save and spend his/her own money that they earned. Overall an allowance for doing chores has the chance of teaching kids money management skills that children will need when they get older. Although I believe that an allowance for chores is a very good idea I do understand some of the points against my argument are legitimate reasons.Some parents might say that an allowance for chores will have children doing everything for money, not Just wanting to help out. However the parents should split the chores into two groups. I do agree that the child should be responsible for doing everyday chores, so that those chores will be group 1. The group one chores are mandatory and the child does not get paid for doing them. Group 2 would have chores that are more difficult, but if done properly the child would get a reward. The reward comes at the end of the week only if the child completed a certain amount of chores agreed upon by that family.

Schooling Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Schooling - Case Study Example the author also highlights the importance of education in the enculturation process. the author analysis Brad's behaviour who grew to adopt antisocial behaviour. The method used to gather data was a face to face interview, Brad who is the respondent is interviewed by the author whereby the respondent narrates his life history and this helps the author to compare his behavior with anthropological theories. Data is analyzed by comparing the character traits of Brad with appropriate character traits of others, Brad life history helps in identifying the importance of an appropriate social system that will ensure adoption of appropriate behavior. From the paper major conclusions are that education plays other major roles other than schooling, this include helping individuals to adopt socially acceptable behaviors whereby individuals adopt cultural traits that control behavior. the paper highlights the importance of proper enculturation in developement of socially acceptable behaviour, from the case study Brad was not raised in an appropriate social system and therefore this has led to some antisocial traits.

Competition is Better than Cooperation In the Relations Between Essay

Competition is Better than Cooperation In the Relations Between Criminal Justice Agencies - Essay Example Intervention in regard to criminal justice system refers to the process of preventing or reducing the incidence of crime, as well as acts that minimize the potential adverse consequences of convicted offenders in the society (Gough, 2010, p. 22). Similarly, supervision in the criminal justice system is defined as the process of overseeing the tasks and behaviours of the convicted offenders within the correction component of the criminal justice with the view of ensuring that the imposed sanctions yield the desired outcomes. Supervision in the criminal justice system has also been defined as the process of regulating and controlling behaviours of the convicted through restrictions or rules with the aim of ensuring that at the end they can become responsible persons who can easily re-integrate into the society without posing any serious public safety threats (Church, 1985, 456). Over the years, there has been raging debate on whether competition is better than cooperation in relations between criminal justice agencies. The persistent question has been which between competition and cooperation facilitates effective achievement of objectives of the criminal justice agencies, and ultimately those of the criminal justice system. This paper will seek to address this question by focusing on the intervention and supervision stages of the criminal justice process. It will show that indeed competition is better than cooperation in the relations between criminal justice agencies. Customarily, the criminal justice system has not been operating as a coordinated whole. Instead, criminal justice agencies have heavily been emphasizing on their core legislative independence and functions, as well as on their operational imperatives. This arrangement has been informed by a wide range of factors. The first factor is that the criminal justice agencies have differing goals, functions, purpose, and roles and as such no single agency handles the case throughout the entire system. Seco ndly, the system is defendant focused, case and incident-based, an arrangement that makes the agencies to operate separately in order not to deviate from this arrangement (Gough, 2010, p. 25). Thirdly, a range of procedural and legal constraints keep information that had been obtained before out of the court consideration. As such, information held by a particular criminal justice agency about an incident, victim, or defendant is progressively filtered as it moves through various agencies of the system. The other factor that has contributed to the criminal justice system not to work as a coordinated whole is the power dynamic within the criminal justice agencies hierarchy and their widely diverse professional culture (Gebo, et al, 2006, p. 425). The criminal justice system has been witnessing myriad of challenges especially in regard to law enforcement and corrections. In particular, the rise of the rate of crimes such as burglary cases and rape and overcrowding in the correctional facilities has been some of the main challenges facing the criminal just