Essay --

The Bolivarian Republic of VenezuelaVenezuela is a Latin American country located in northern South America and borders countries such as Colombia, Brazil and Guyana. Venezuela became colonized in 1522 by the Spanish, who remained in power until the early nineteenth century. After the Venezuelans independence from Spain in 1821, the country experienced periods of dictatorial traffic pattern of the caudillos and revolutionary turbulence which left the country with major political instability for the remainder of the century. During the early twentieth century, authoritarianism ruled the nation until Romulo Gallegos, a leftist, became the premiere democratically elected president in 1947. Within the year, Gallegos was overthrown by Marcos Perez Jimenez, a military officer, who, he himself would eventually become overthrown in 1958. Upon his departure from office, civilian majority rule had been restored with the election of Romulo Betancourt. Until the latter end of the twentieth ce ntury, Venezuela had generally remained a politically peaceful country. However, in 1989, Venezuela experienced a period...

Child Labor Essay -- Child Labor Laws Employment Workforce Essays

Child prod Child labor is a pervasive problem throughout the global economy, especially in the markets of ontogenesis countries. With over 90% of the total child labor market employed in the rural beas of Asia and Africa largely due to lack of enforcement, it is argued that something has to be done. Although the majority of mess are ethically appalled by child labor, and against the exploitation of children, is the worldwide eradication of the whisk forms of child labor really a feasible alternative? To answer this question people befool to take into account a variety of factors involving both the economic and social costs, as well as have a firm understanding of the situations people are faced with in these underdeveloped countries. The International poke Organization estimated that there were over 211 million working children between the ages of 5 and 14 in the year 2000, with over 73 million under the age of ten. When most people think of child labor, they c atch children working in sweatshops under poor conditions, for little pay. When in reality almost 80% of child laborers are employed in agricultural jobs. unheeding of the type of labor these children are performing, they are usually underpaid, overworked, and forced to work in unsafe environments. The exploitation of children and the social costs that are involved are considered highly immoral, especially by the general public in industrialized nations. But why is a practice that is condemned by so many, so rampant(ip) among impoverished nations? Industrialized countries have been asking third world nations to impose regulations and ban the practices of child labor for decades. This is ironic considering that countries such as the United Sta... ...m, the worst kinds of child labor can at least be abolished, and children who work, can have some chance to work in a safer work environment. plant CitedInternational Labor Organization, 2000.World Labor Report. Geneva Internatio nal Labor OrganizationFaraaz Siddiqi/Harry Partrinos, Child Labor Issues, Causes, and Interventions, 1996 Douglas A. Irwin, Free Trade Under Fire, Chapter 6, 2002Kaushik Basu, Child Labor Cause, Consequence, and Cure, with Remarks on International Labor Standards, 1999Krugman Paul, In Praise of Cheap Labor, 1997The Department of Labor Bureau of International Labor Affairs, 2001 Findings of the Worst Forms of Child Labor, 2002International Labor Organization, International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour 2000Mehra-Kerpelman, K. 1996. Children at work How many and where? World of Work 158-9.

Applying Stanislavski’s Principles to a Role in Volpone Essay -- Konst

Applying Stanislavskis Principles to a Role in VolponeAs founder of the first acting system, co-founder of the Moscow ArtTheatre, and an eminent practitioner of the naturalist school ofthought, Konstantin Stanislavski challenged traditional notions of thedramatic process, establishing himself as one of the near pioneeringthinkers of his time in modern theatre. His process of characterdevelopment, the Stanislavski Method, was the catalyst for methodacting- one of the close to influential acting systems on the modern stageand screen. Such renowned schools of acting and directing as the GroupTheatre and The Actors Studio are a legacy of Stanislavskispioneering vision.Stanislavski developed this unique system of training to change theway that people saw their characters. The performers would research thesituation created by the script, break down the schoolbook according totheir characters motivations and recall their own experiences,therefore causing actions and reactions according to thesemotivations. The actor would ideally make his motivations for actingidentical to those of the character in the script. He could thusreplay these emotions and experiences in the role of the character inorder to achieve a more genuine performance. This was Stanislavskismain aim to create a more genuine performance.ACTIONIn every physical action, unless it is purely mechanical, there isconcealed some inner action, some feelings. This is how the two levelsof life in a part (dramatic role) are created, the inner and theouter. They are intertwined. A common purpose brings them together andreinforces the unbreak equal bond. - Creating a roleIn Volpone, it would be most likely to happen in the market place. Thebusy market place would be played by a group of people that would needto launch a complicity of lives that intermingle with other charactersjust as if they were a real community. This would be hard to show, asthey are not a real community. darling methods of getting these groups ofcharacters to resemble villagers would be to give them littlescenarios to act out in which all the characters intermingle and havelines to say to each other. This would tending them get word each othersinner character and feeling and therefore are then able to react inthe way their character would to that situation. wherefore use what they... ...must find out all he can about the character and the situation. Thishelps to create an overall realistic reaction to that particularsituation. To be able to use Magic if the actor must know a lotabout his character and his or her personality.Stanislavski teaches the actor to become the character by askquestions that are answered by action based on emotional response. For example, the actor that plays Volpone in the rape scene must askbefore he plays the scene, What if I am Volpone and I am just aboutto rape Celia and Benario jumps out from the cupboard? What will Ido? Another good question from Celias point of view What if ImCe lia and I am being raped by an old dirty man and I have no one tohelp me would I give in or stand my ground?Magic if questions contain motivation and awareness of the now. The questions are cast in the first person, in the present tense, andtherefore they pull you into the characters major concerns. Veryimportantly, the questions suggest not one but two attitudes Thecharacter toward her or him, and toward other characters. These typesof questions help the actor figure out the action to take in response.

CONVERGE :: Essays Papers

None Provided15CONVERGEConverge is an exhibition on at the randomness Australian Art Gallery between March 2nd until March 30th. The exhibition profiles a selection of work from Australian artists. Our perceptions are challenged as we look the nexus between art, science and engineering science. Combining technology and science with art. Ranging from bioethics to the environment to robotics. The exhibition is based on research and discovery. Australian artists have met the challenge coming together art and science together producing work that is contemporary a journey for us all to take. Converge artists are engaged in critical debates luck to fusing social and political issues. Converge symposium (at the Adelaide Festival 2002 and online) is an opportunity to express and share opinions on the many issues Converge brings up. Just how could you bring together Art, science and technology? The artists of Converse have done just this admirably. The works have been produced using man y different mediums, exploring cutting edge research. One project named Pig go created by Oron Catts and Ionat Zurr uses semi- hold tissues to create three dimensional tissue sculptures. In the last five years the artists have grown semi-living objects, by culturing carrells on artificial scaffolds. The crowning(prenominal) goal of this work is to culture and sustain for long periods, tissue sculptures thus creating a whole new artistic palette. The semi-living objects consist of both synthetic materials and living organic matter. This particular project used pigs marrow stem cells in order to grow three sets of wings. The use of living cell and tissues for artistic purposes has created concerns.It blurs the boundaries between what we consider acceptable and what is not. There has been much debate recently in regard to the use of human embryonic stem cells. These cells could potentially help millions of people, but governments and churches that say it is not ethical to use potent ial human beings have blocked the use of them. This project could help to challenge our perceptions around the use of stem cells.A piece of work completely different from Pig Wings is Ngurrara Canvas by the Mangkaja artists. This work is a collorative effect with all(prenominal) of the artists painting his or her own piece of country. The piece is eight metres by ten metres and maps the lands that form part of the Great Sandy Desert. The main intention tush the work was political but the artists have worked well together blending each area so as to create a seamless whole.

Critical Appreciation of Audens Funeral Blues :: essays research papers

Although it is not seen at first, Funeral blues can be portrayed and understood in many different ways. Auden could be writing about the demolition of a public figure, as he writes about white necks of the public doves and the traffic policemen.Another interpretation is that Auden wrote this poem about his loss of opinion in God. This would explain the use of a capital H is ?He Is Dead?. A reference to God could also be found in the line my Sunday rest (Sunday being the Sabbath day).Although these ideas could be equally argued, I still believe that Auden wrote this poem while mourning the loss of his lover. It carries a sad and weighty tone that puts Auden as the speaker. Being a homosexual would explain why the subject of his poem is a man. The title of the poem includes the word ?funeral?, immediately indicating death or loss. In the first stanza Auden makes use of works like stop, cut, prevent and silence ? these words all signify ending. ?Stop all the clocks, cut forth the te lephones?, this describes how Auden valued to be excluded from the world while he was mourning his loss.?Let aeroplanes circle moaning overhead / Scribbling on the sky the message He Is Dead?. Auden uses personification in these first two lines of the second stanza by giving the aeroplanes human characteristics to inform everyone that ?He Is Dead?. This man meant so much to Auden that he wanted his death to be recognized and written in the sky for all to see.In the tercet stanza, Auden writes He was my North, my South, my East and West. This man was everything to Auden, he was Audens world. It is written in the third stanza ?I thought love would last for ever I was wrong?. This demonstrates that even though love is meant to last forever, it can only be carried to the wakeless and no farther.

Critical Appreciation of Audens Funeral Blues :: essays research papers

Although it is not seen at send-off, Funeral blues can be portrayed and understood in many different ways. Auden could be writing roughly the death of a public figure, as he writes about white necks of the public doves and the traffic policemen.Another interpretation is that Auden wrote this poem about his loss of faith in God. This would rationalize the use of a capital H is ?He Is Dead?. A reference to God could also be found in the line my sunlight rest (Sunday being the Sabbath day).Although these ideas could be equally argued, I still believe that Auden wrote this poem while mourning the loss of his lover. It carries a sad and heartbreaking tone that puts Auden as the speaker. Being a homosexual would explain why the subject of his poem is a man. The title of the poem includes the word ?funeral?, immediately indicating death or loss. In the first stanza Auden makes use of works like stop, cut, prevent and silence ? these words all signify ending. ?Stop all the clocks, cut of f the telephones?, this describes how Auden wanted to be excluded from the world while he was mourning his loss.?Let aeroplanes circle moaning overhead / Scribbling on the sky the message He Is Dead?. Auden uses personification in these first two lines of the second stanza by giving the aeroplanes human characteristics to inform everyone that ?He Is Dead?. This man meant so much to Auden that he wanted his death to be recognized and written in the sky for all to see.In the third stanza, Auden writes He was my North, my South, my East and West. This man was everything to Auden, he was Audens world. It is written in the third stanza ?I imagination love would last for ever I was wrong?. This demonstrates that even though love is meant to last forever, it can only be carried to the grave and no farther.

Sample quiz

The company must expand beyond its trade capabilities to capture growing markets D. The market segment must confer the populations changing attitudes and lifestyles 4. Porches There is no substitute is an example of which of the following arrangement strategies? A Product class B. Product users C. Price/quality D. Attributes 5. Marketers applying a positioning strategy want to A. Make their reaping look as much as the market leader as possible B. Emphasize a products un roughhewn advantages and differentiate it from competitors options C. Make sure they clearly outline the products possible applications D.Talk to specific, know users of the product 6. A positioning map A. Is used primarily by companies utilizing uniform marketing strategies B. Will remain constant through the entire product life cycle C. Shows how consumers view a product relative to competitive products D. Outlines how to asseverate a new product to the marketplace 7. What describes the relationship amidst p romotion and pricing objectives? A. price objective maximize promotion B. Pricing objectives interferes with promotional objectives C. Pricing objectives and promotion are interdependent D.Pricing objectives and promotion are interchangeable 8. Which element of the promotional mix covers a wide audience with targeted advertising? A in-person selling B Direct marketing C Guerilla marketing D Contract marketing 9. A company wants to inform thousands of potential customers to whip from the competitor and use their products instead. Which promotional strategy would it be effective for this company A. Telemarketing B. Personal selling C. frugal selling D. Zip code marketing 10. A company plans to introduce its new product in several different locations with a series of communications tailored for each location.Which form of promotional strategy would the company select? A. Personal selling B. House to house advertising C. National advertising D. Newspaper advertisement 1 1 . In which phase of U. S. Government regulation were major laws such as the Sherman Antitrust Act, Clayton Act, and Federal Trade Commission Act passed to maintain a competitive environment? A. Phase aimed at protecting competitors B. Industry deregulation phase C. Antinational period D. Consumer rampart phase 12. Which channel has the role of standardizing exchange processes, such as retribution terms, delivery schedules, and purchase lots?A The distribution channel B The promotional channel C The public relations channel D The product life cycle 13. Which is a component of the a physical distribution system A Manufacturing B Customer service C Market nurture D Supply chain 14. A group of Occupy Wall-Street demonstrators protest against big banks. Which environment is influencing this behavior? A Legal environment B Economic environment C Technological environment D Social-cultural environment 15. Which scenario requires high involvement decision making? A Buying a movie shred B Buying a home C Buying grocery D Choosing a restaurant 6.Which Act prohibits price discrimination in gross sales to wholesalers, retailers, or other producers? A. Wheeler-Lea Act B. Robinson-Pitman Act C. North American Free Trade Agreement D. Federal Trade Commission 17. How would you defined the competition between Wendy and McDonalds A. Pure competition as you can find many firms within the patience. B. Oligopoly because it requires high start up cost C. Direct because they are offering exchangeable products and services D. Indirect competition because they are all in the fast food business 18. Alliances are considered essential in a country where A.Partnerships with topical anaesthetic firms provided regional expertise for a company expanding its operations abroad B. Laws required foreign firms doing business there to work with local companies C. The partners combine resources and capital to clear competitive advantages in a new market D. Efforts are required to achieve organizatio nal objectives by predicting and influencing the competitive and political-legal environments 19. Which of the following has ended total monopoly protection for most utilities like natural gas, electricity, water, and cable n. service? A. Deregulation movement B. Oligopoly C.Temporary monopoly D. Antitrust remedies 20. Marketers must constantly monitor their competitors products, prices, distribution, and promotional efforts because the A. Competitors may be violating the truth-in-advertising laws B. Actions of competitors may the aerate the firms monopoly position C. Actions of competitors may create an oligopoly within an industry D. New products offerings by a competitor may require adjustments to one or to a greater extent components of the firms marketing mix 21 . In which industry might there still remain a monopoly in certain geographic locations? A. Cell phone supplier B.Cable TV provider C. Supermarket D. Dentist 22. Monopoly in the competitive environment A. Is enjoyed by few organizations as sole suppliers of a good or service B. Is common in the telecommunications industry C. Cannot be achieved temporarily, even through the use of patents and similar legal devices D. Is the most common type of competition in the LOS market 23. An industry with a few large competing firms is called a(n) A. Regulated Monopoly B. Pure competition C. Perfect competition D. Oligopoly 24. Identify the latest regulatory frontier A. Protecting competitors B. Industry deregulation C.

Integration of psychology & theology Essay

The worldview of Christian counseling is that activity which delves into helping people grow constructively in all aspects of their lives through a caring relationship and it is done by counselor with Christian assumptions and values. Alister E. McGrath, in his book Christian Spirituality (1999) states that spirituality comes from Hebraical ruach which has a set of meanings from spirit, breath to wind.In counseling however it refers to the pursuit for an authentic and fulfilled life, that comprises taking values of Christianity its beliefs and making them part of our life so that they provide the spirit , breath and fire for our lives . Epistemology refers to the study of source or origin of knowledge. In counseling this helps in knowing the nature of persons, their problems and realizing the appropriate shipway of counseling them. Imago Dei simply means the image of God. This helps counseling to direct us toward the relationship us and God. We have the image of God and that is why we value others.holistic counseling has something to do with mind body and spirit. In essence these are the salient components of a whole human being. Holistic counseling involves the trinity of health by providing individualized services and monitoring all areas of wellness and how they impact the others. Types of confrontation in counseling involve 1) the person-to-person belief system personal attitudes, unique experiences, personal and cultural beliefs. This is how a person evaluates life, people and events. 2) Organizational belief system this is personal beliefs of employees in different roles within the organization.3) Objective standards rules and body of work standards that make up objective baseline. 4) Factual reference base factual knowledge, punitive measures, and realistic understanding of consequences. Therapeutic relationship interacts with particular strategies to hinder or attain a clients objectives. The relationship is significant to effective therapy. The pe rsonality, character, church background professionalism and setting for counseling are very crucial respectable standards for practicing as a Christian counselor. Spiritual formation is a continuous process in Christianity.Hebrews 121 describes it as running the race with perseverance. This in essence is Gods endless grace in reality to mankind. The role of spiritual formation is to attract, care and build the clients in life groups sizeable sense of self has a lot to do with self esteem. Sense of self helps us communicate with other about our feelings. References -Alister E. McGrath. (1999) Christian Spirituality. New York Mc Graw -McMinn, Mark R. (1996). Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality in Christianity Counseling. Carol Stream, IL Tyndale House Publishers. 6

Edgar Allan Poe’s The Masque of the Red Death Essay

Edgar Allan Poes short horror humbug entitled The Masque of the Red Death A conjuring trick was published in Grahams Magazine in 1838, and talks about a crime that the main character, Prince Prospero, attempts to evade (Laurent 2003). He holds a fancy dress ball, each in different color, inside seven rooms in his abbey. On the other hand, Irvin Laytons horror (or suspense) poem entitled Rhine Boat unhorse was written in 1977 and talks about murdered rabbis and the ghosts of children in the events in Nazi Germany, especially those that occurred during the Holocaust (Rhine Boat detonate, n.d. ). These two texts are both horrific, tho aside from being different in terms of the format and the length, both display contrasting perspectives in their artistic, textual frames. Poes short story and Laytons short poem display a suspense story in time, as a whole, they display different styles and time frames. While Poes style displays something that is soon blow overing and distinctiv ely get wordd, Layton displays peerless that had already happened in the past and is directly described. Main Body The Masque of the Red Death by Edgar Allan PoeThis short story attempts to describe how a abuse called the Red Death enters Prince Prosperos dominion, a prince who is being described as happy and dauntless and sagacious (Poe par. 2). The plague that has sweep over the land is horrifying. As described, Blood was its Avatar and its seal the redness and the horrors of blood. on that point were sharp pains, and sudden dizziness, and then profuse bleeding at the pores, with dissolution. The vermilion stains upon the body and especially upon the face of the victim, were the pest ban which shut him out from the aid and from the sympathy of his fellow-men.And the whole seizure, progress and termination of the disease, were the incidents of half an hour. (Poe par. 1) From this paragraph, Poe specifies how horrifying the plague is. The victim loses most of the blood within the body, which is the cause of sudden dizziness and dissolution. Poes use of blood is enough to make the story appalling to the reader. use pictures that signify awfulness and terror, Poe makes the story superstar that makes the reader horror-struck.However, the plague is utter to claim stricken provided his dominions and not Prince Prospero and his hale and light-hearted friends from among the knights and dames of his court (Poe par. 2). Poe makes it appear that the plague only strikes those that are not hale and light-hearted or only those that are wicked, depraved, or poor. When his dominions were cut in half and the depraved dominions were already cast out, Prince Prospero is said to summon his friends, and using a masquerade ball inside seven rooms, each in different color, of his castellated abbey, he entertains his friends amid the plague.Poe describes the abbey This was an extensive and magnificent structure, the establishment of the princes own eccentric yet august t aste. A strong and lofty wall girdled it in. This wall had gates of iron. The courtiers, having entered, brought furnaces and massy hammers and welded the bolts. (Poe par. 2) The exact description of the castellated abbeys indicates that Prince Prospero and the one super C light-hearted friends are being protected from the killing plague that has stricken over the land.Then Poe begins to describe extensively the seven colored rooms It was a voluptuous scene, that masquerade There was a sharp turn at every twenty or thirty yards, and at each turn a novel effect. To the right and left, in the middle of each wall, a tall and narrow Gothic window looked out upon a closed corridor which pursued the windings of the suite. These windows were of dye glass whose color varied in accordance with the prevailing hue of the decorations of the chamber into which it opened.(Poe par. 4) Poe mentions that, having to describe the decorations of the castellated abbey, Prince Prospero is actually ecce ntric, august, voluptuous, and bizarre. Poe likewise mentions that the tastes of the duke were peculiar. He had a bewitching eye for colors and effects. He disregarded the decora of mere fashion. His plans were bold and fiery (par. 6). A mystifying figure suddenly appears, one that is described as a masked figure which had arrested the attention of no single individual before (par. 9).When Prince confronts the mystifying image, he suddenly go dead, as specified in these occupancys There was a sharp cry and the dagger dropped gleaming upon the sable carpet, upon which, instantly afterwards, fell pro relegate in death the Prince Prospero (par. 12). The Red Death has entered the ball, and as the prince falls dead in the carpet, the great deal surges to the figure to remove the mask, only to find it empty. Each one falls to the ground, as the plague enters each of the one thousand guests in the ball. The Red Death surges upon all of the dominion.The Masque of the Red Death is one horror story in which Poe exemplifies great and immense description in every detail and part of the story. Poe uses symbols, much(prenominal) as colors and lines, in order to describe each detail magnificently and make the reader come upon distinctively. Rhine Boat Trip by Irvin Layton This 16-lined poem attempts to describe how the castles of the Rhine are haunted by ghosts of Jewish mothers and children in the lines The castles on the Rhine / are all haunted / by ghosts of Jewish mothers / looking for their ghostly children (Rhine Boat Trip, L1-4).In contrast to Poes distinctive description, Laytons style is simple and easy to read and understand. It does not describe each detail individually but rather, puts the picture and leaves the reader free to describe each picture. It allows the reader to put in detail what the castle looked ilk at Rhine. Having to put the exact name of the castle in the line is enough to picture the detail distinctively. Unlike Poes style, which provid es the exact picture by describing immensely the detail in the story, Laytons style is one that uses words in order to describe immensely what the picture or detail appears to be.However, alternatively of describing the castle as something that is enormous, fantastic, or incredible as Poe has done, Layton pictures the castle in a horrifying manner And the clusters of grapes / in the sloping vineyards / are myriads of blinded look / staring at the blind sun (Rhine Boat Trip, L5-8). Layton instantly pictures the castle as horrifying, which is different from Poes style, wherein the latter pictures the castle as magnificently ornament before interpreting it as horrifying in the latter portion of the story. Each word that Layton uses carries a specific meaning.This is different from the manner in which Poe writes, wherein he describes in detail only to prove that the place is magnificent and is owned by a splendid duke living in the castle. In lines 5-8 of Laytons poem, for example, th e clusters of grapes of line 5 does not just depict the Jewish families but may depict families or communities that include everyone, including the reader. However, because Layton uses sloping when he describes the vineyards, it may conclude to something that is negative, since it goes downhill, which is symbolic.Something negative, such as negative customs or culture that are found in the family or community, might have been included in the clusters of people. The use of grapes also depicts meaning, since grapes are used by the Jewish during the Passover and Holocaust. Having depicted too, that the clusters of grapes are actually myriads of blinded eyes (Rhine L7), it appears that the Jewish families (or German families) are blinded to what is about to happen to them and the surrounding community.They are staring at the blind sun because there is no hope for them in the end, since graven image is about to punish them, it is like God is nowhere in sight. In lines 9-10, wherein it s ays that the tireless Lorelei / can never comb from their hair (Layton L9-10), it appears that Lorelei is praying and doing sacrifices to God and because she can never comb from their hair (Rhine L10), it symbolizes that important people in the community, such as Lorelei, pray and do sacrifices to God, so that the latter may show mercy to them and then remember His covenant with them.Lastly, lines 11-16 depict the rabbis that have been murdered and are howl The crimson beards / of murdered rabbis / however sweetly they sing / one hears only / the low wail of the cattle cars / moving invisibly across the land (Rhine L11-16). Crimson is used to signify blood or death. The word one is being used to mean both the person that hears only the wailing rabbis, as well as, the One God that appears to have turned His back on the Jewish people despite their prayers and offerings.Cattle cars are wailing in line 15, meaning that these cattle cars that are moving invisibly across the land (Rhine L16) are not with cattle but with people, which signifies a state that is inhumane and atrocious. The cattle cars are invisible because, first, no one had paid attention to them during their crisis and, second, what the author has been describing is something that had already happened in the past. This poem also depicts strong aflame response because of distinctive images that were used by the writer. Like Poes story, this poem uses images, such as castles, grapes, vineyards, sun, rabbis, and cattle cars.However, unlike Poes story, Laytons style is one that is simple yet direct one that is more symbolic than that of Poes. Conclusion Poes short story entitled The Masque of the Red Death, as well as, Laytons short poem entitled Rhine Boat Trip are both horrific, symbolic, and descriptive. However, Poes story is distinctively descriptive in detail, with an enormous, fantastic castle. Laytons poem on the other hand, is simpler and direct, easier to read and understand, more distinctiv e in word, more symbolic in style, with a horrifying castle. Layton and Poe are alike yet diverse.Works Cited Laurent, Sabrina. Metaphor and Symbolism in The Masque of the Red Death. July 2003. United Nuke. 14 March 2009 . Poe, Edgar Allan. The Masque of the Red Death. 2009. Jalic Incorporated. 14 March 2009 . Rhine Boat Trip (1977). N. d. Gonzaga University. 14 March 2009 . Other Sources Roberts, Edgar. Writing About Literature Brief (11the ed. ). White Plains, NY Pearson Longman, 2005.

American History Research Paper: Was Entering The Vietnam War A Good Idea?

I. IntroGoing to Vietnam was a good thing for the U.S. It is, however, the most hated and protested war in tot thaty of U.S. history. However, it was a needed war. We went to Vietnam to stop the spread of communism, and for the most part succeeded. Even thought it was the most military drafts ever given out, and it caused massive inflation in the U.S. The Vietnam War was an effect of the Cold War, which was an arms build up between Russia and the U.S. Then Russia tried to turn Vietnam into a communist country, so the U.S. intervened. In the side by side(p) you will see that entering the Vietnam War was a good thing and that otherwise communism would mute be very popular today, even though it was the only war the U.S. ever unconnected.II. EvidenceThe first reason that leaving to Vietnam was a good sentiment was that we needed to stop the spread of communism (Brownell 12). It was a growing threat, and needed to be stopped as quickly as possible (Brownell 87). We entered the war, and for the aliment of France and to stop communism in its steps (Welch 2). With little succeeder in both areas at first, in the long run we were successful in our main goals (Welch 7). The spread of communism started the Vietnam War and The Korean War. Both wars had the same objective, stopping the spread of communism (OBrien 1). We succeeded in both wars with this idea, but we pulled our troops out of Vietnam towards the end of the war (Brownell 5).The war offici eithery ended in 1974 when the magnetic north Vietnamese took control of South Vietnam and made the entire country communist governed (Brownell 5). They may have been communist in the end, but much of the surrounding countries remained pop (Welch 98). So we lost the country of Vietnam to communism, but gained many of the surrounding countries (OBrien 2). So we went in to stop the spread of communism, and we did stop it from spreading, it just got Vietnam in the end (Welch 7).another(prenominal) reason entering The V ietnam War was a good idea was that we gained the support of the French. They initially started the war, but we entered and helped them out (OBrien 3). We entered the war with the intention of stopping the spread of communism, and we gained the support of the French. In doing this we gained a little help from them in future wars (OBrien 3). We also gained some financial gain from the war. With people buying war bonds and the draft, we didnt need to matter to too much about money (Welch 12). Plus, with the withdraw of our soldiers we had an excess amount of money (Welch 13). So we gained the support of the French and got some money, but unfortunately it was at the cost of 58,168 U.S. troops (Maraniss 307).A huge reason that entering The Vietnam War was that it really helped boost our economy as a country. When we entered we had a mad mickle of people buying war bonds to help support our troops and the war cause (Maraniss 256). Then when we pulled out of the war, we actually didnt s pend all our money on the war. So we gained some money. Unfortunately a lot of the money went missing with President Nixon resigning (Brownell 56). Some speculate that he took it and spent in on much private things, while others claim he hid it away if he was ever run out of the country. The ideas continue into the improbable all the way to the just huffy (Marraniss 25).Yet it is still very curious as to where all that money disappeared to. Many consider it one of the main reasons President Nixon resigned before congress could charge him. However, it was nothing compared to what was left (Brownell 56). Most of the money went to covering up and paying off the officers involved it the drug trade that took place during The Vietnam War. Instead of it rightfully going back to the people, or the troops, it went right into the pockets of traitors and lying drug junkies. Yet what remained mostly went into repairing roads of all things. So we traded a war for not getting caught up in anot her one of the governments scandals, and nice roads (Brownell 57).III. ContradictionsOne of the reasons that entering The Vietnam War was a bad idea is that it is the most protested war in all of U.S. history (Brownell 12). We had more people voice there protests against The Vietnam War than ever in U.S. history, even more than The Korean War (Brownell 13). Another reason is that we lost more men in The Vietnam War than in any other war, except The Civil War. It was mostly protest because of the draft (Welch 26). The draft was 1,728,344 people, but only 17,000 were accounted for in deaths (Brownell 1).It was so protested that many of the people who were drafted left the country and fled to Canada. The people who didnt go after the war were pardoned (OBrien 5). The last reason that it was a bad idea entering The Vietnam was that it was the only war we ever lost. However, many people believe it was a good thing because it showed the world that America could infact lose a war, that we werent all powerful (Welch 10).IV. ConclusionWith the facts given, it is obvious that going to Vietnam was a good thing for the U.S. Even it was the most protested and hated war in all of U.S. history we still accomplished the main goal of what we went there for. This was to stop the spread of communism. We also got, sort of, a head start in The Cold War. Even though the Vietnam War was technically caused by the beginning of The Cold War. Not to mention that it was the most military drafts ever give. However, you cant really deny the fact that it was a inevitable war, that without it, communism would be still popular today.

Cash Flows and Financial Statements at Sunset Boards

CASH FLOWS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AT SUNSET BOARDS Below are the financial statements that you are asked to prepare. 1. The income statement for for each one year will look alike this Income statement 2008 2009 Sales $247,259 $301,392 Cost of goods sold 126,038 159,143 Selling & administrative 24,787 32,352 Depreciation 35,581 40,217 EBIT $60,853 $69,680 Interest 7,735 8,866 EBT $53,118 $60,814 Taxes 10,624 12,163 concluding income $42,494 $48,651 Dividends $21,247 $24,326 Addition to retained earnings 21,247 24,326 . The balance sheet for each year will be Balance sheet as of Dec. 31, 2008 specie $18,187 Accounts payable $32,143 Accounts receivable 12,887 Notes payable 14,651 Inventory 27,119 Current liabilities $46,794 Current assets $58,193 Long-term debt $79,235 Net fixed assets $156,975 Owners equity 89,139 Total assets $215,168 Total liab. equity $215,168 In the first year, equity is not given. Therefore, we must calculate equity as a good deal variable.Since total liabilities equity is equal to total assets, equity can be calculated as Equity = $215,168 46,794 79,235 Equity = $89,139 Balance sheet as of Dec. 31, 2009 exchange $27,478 Accounts payable $36,404 Accounts receivable 16,717 Notes payable 15,997 Inventory 37,216 Current liabilities $52,401 Current assets $81,411 Long-term debt $91,195 Net fixed assets $191,250 Owners equity 129,065 Total assets $272,661 Total liab. & equity $272,661The owners equity for 2009 is the beginning of year owners equity, plus the addition to retained earnings, plus the naked as a jaybird equity, so Equity = $89,139 + 24,326 + 15,600 Equity = $129,065 3. Using the OCF equality OCF = EBIT + Depreciation Taxes The OCF for each year is OCF2008 = $60,853 + 35,581 10,624 OCF2008 = $85,180 OCF2009 = $69,680 + 40,217 12,163 OCF2009 = $97,734 4. To calculate the cash current from assets, we need to find the cap spending and stir in net working working large(p). The capital spending for the year was Capital spending Ending net fixed assets $191,250 Beginning net fixed assets 156,975 + Depreciation 40,217 Net capital spending $74,492 And the change in net working capital was Change in net working capital Ending NWC $29,010 Beginning NWC 11,399 Change in NWC $17,611 So, the cash flow from assets was Cash flow from assets Operating cash flow $97,734 Net capital spending 74,492 Change in NWC 17,611 Cash flow from assets $ 5,631 5. The cash flow to creditors was Cash flow to creditors Interest paid $8,866 Net new borrowing 11,960 Cash flow to creditors $3,094 6. The cash flow to stockholders was Cash flow to stockholders Dividends paid $24,326 Net new equity raised 15,600 Cash flow to stockholders $8,726 Answers to questions 1. The firm had positive earnings in an accounting sense (NI 0) and had positive cash flow from operations. The firm invested $17,611 in new net working capital and $74,492 in new fixed assets. The firm gave $5,631 to its stakeholders. It raised $3,094 from bondholders, and paid $8,726 to stockholders. . The expansion plans may be a low risky. The company does have a positive cash flow, but a large portion of the operating cash flow is already going to capital spending. The company has had to raise capital from creditors and stockholders for its current operations. So, the expansion plans may be too aggressive at this time. On the other hand, companies do need capital to grow. Before investing or loaning the company money, you would want to know where the current capital spending is going, and why the company is spending so oft in this area already.

Everyday Use

A Contrast between Dee and Maggies View Concerning Their Heritage In my writing essay I shall analyze the agency in which heritage roll in the hay be conceived in Alice pushcarts novel nonchalant single-valued function, trying to point out the authors primary(prenominal) ideas concerning the source of the paper. I would a handle try to describe the deuce young ladys points of place, Dee and Maggies, about their ancestral heritage. The contrast between these two young womans is more than than unadorned not only in their appearance but similarly in their behavior when it comes to quilts from their grand stupefy.Everyday Use is a story narrated by a family unitsy obtuse charr, who is the pose of the two girls Maggie and Dee Johnson. Mrs. Johnson, is a simple woman but who, in spite of all difficulties that she passed through, she tried to give her daughters if possible, a good tuition and of ply the around important thing, to make them aware of what heritage is indeed, the detail that traditional culture and heritage is not represented only by the pig pointedness of disused objects, but also by iodins behavior and customs.She outlines in the story that she is not a very meliorated woman, but this does not mingy that the lack of education is also reflected in her contentedness to understand, to recognise and to respect her ancestors. Since the beginning of the story, the narrator makes obvious the contrast between Maggie and her elder infant Dee. Dee is a very thought-provoking girl, with a strong-defined character, the unrivalled who had endlessly been successful and ambitious. Maggie thinks her sis has held life, always in the palm of peerless hand, that no is a explicate the world never learned to say to her. ( pedestrian 2469). Dee denies her actual heritage by changing her given propose, after her aunt Dee, to the superficially more astonishing one W individual retirement accounto Leewanik Kemanjo, arguing to her m a nother(prenominal) that Dee is dead and I couldnt bear it any longer, being named after the people who oppress me ( Walker 2472), what she does in detail is to slump her family identity. She inspires in her mother a sort of reverence and fear more suitable to the advent of a goddess than the love one might continue a mother to feel for a returning daughter (Farell, dodging).On the other hand, Maggie is the type of simple girl, like her mother, with little education. She is not ambitious like her sister Dee, living somehow in her mothers shadow. But this might be also because Maggie hadnt her sister luck and she burn hard in the house fire when she was a child, fit now a shy and fearful person. These features are more visible in her view date waiting for her sister to come home. mama is communicate her cause anger and frustration onto her young daughter when she speculates that Maggie go outing be cowed by Dees arrival. Maggie will be nervous until after her sister goe s she will stand hopelessly in corners homely and ashamed of the burn scars down her arms and legs, eyeing her sister with a mixture of envy and awe ( Walker 2469). As Marianne Hirsch says in one of her critical essays the mother sees in Maggies angerless, fear an image of her own unresisting acceptance of Dees aggression, her own suppressed anger Moreover, we can see through the lines of this story that, at the beginning, Dee was the daughter that mother preferred most because of her post and because she wanted to succeed in life by following her instincts.But when she saw her totally changed, not only physically but also in her mentality, mother realized that Maggie was the one that understood the essence of heritage and tried to give her justice. It is relevant Mamas awakening to ones daughters superficiality and to the others deep-rooted understanding of heritage ( Tuten, Alice Walkers Everyday Use ). However, Dee seems to despise her sister, her mother and the church that helped to educate her. Intentionally or not, she is selfish and she treats her sister with indifference. plot Dee escaped from the poor life she was supposed to live, Maggie, next to her mother, represents the multitude of black women who must suffer. Scarred, graceless, not hopeful and uneducated, Maggie is a living reproach to a subsister like her sister (Cowart, Heritage) . The contradictions about heritage and culture between Maggie and Dee become more large when the quilts take part from the story. After dinner, Dee discovers some honest-to-goodness quilts which belonged to her grandmother.She is very excited that found them, thinking that these quilts represent the testament of her ancestors. Without taking into account Maggies opinion, she asks her mother if she can have those quilts, arguing that she is the only one who can appreciate and have the right to keep them. At first, mother hesitates to give her an fare and offers her other quilts but Dee gets upset and then m other explains to her that the quilts were from Maggie as a wedding gift. Maggies tolerance in the story contrasts with Dees boldness.When Dee insists that her sister would fall grans quilts by using them everyday, and that hanging the quilts would be the only way to preserve them, Maggie like somebody used to never wining anything, or having anything silent for her says She can have them, Mama. I can remember grandma Dee without the quilts (Walker, 2474). Mrs. Johnson then realizes what makes Maggie diverse form her sister. She sees her scarred hands hidden in her skirt and says When I looked at her like that something hit me in the top of my head and ran down to the soles of my feet.Just like when Im in the church and the spirit of god touches me and I get happy and shout (Walker, 2475). This powerful feelings determines Mama to do something she had never done before she snatched the quilts out of Miss Wangeros hands and dumped them into Maggies intersection ( Walker, 247 5). Mamas behavior here is near like Dees because she rebuffs her wishes for the first time and give justice to the most patient Maggie. The fact that she takes the quilts from Dee and gives them to Maggie, she confirms her younger daughters self-worth metaphorically, she gives Maggie her voice ( Tuten, Alice Walkers Everyday Use ).In conclusion, I can say that Everyday Use is a story about understanding heritage. This concept is very well exposed by the two characters Alice Walker created, Dee and Maggie. These two daughters have a completely different view in what concerns the heritage from their ancestors in this case their origins and their inheritance, the quilts from nanna Dee. Maggie is the one who understands that heritage is about respecting familys traditions and customs while Dee destroys the traditional image kept by Mrs.Johnson and her sister. She denies her true origins by changing the given name into more fashionable one, Wangero Leewanik Kemanjo. One should apprec iate his legacy because it represents indeed what we are. We can not insure our root and even if we want, this would not be possible because it always remains present in our souls and our minds, we like it or not. WORKES CITED PRIMARY SOURCE Walker, Alice. Everyday Use. In jockey and Trouble Stories of Black Women New York Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1973. second-string SOURCE Cowart, David . Heritage and deracination in Walkers Everyday Use. Studies in Short Fiction. FindArticles. com. Farrell Susan. Fight vs. Flight a re-evaluation of Dee in Alice Walkers Everyday Use- Critical Essay. Studies in Short Fiction. FindArticles. com. Hirsch, Marianne. Clytemnestras Children Writing the Mothers Anger. Alice Walker new-fangled Critical Views. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York Chelsea House, 1989. Tuten, Nancy. Alice Walkers Everyday Use. The Explicator 51. 2,1993Everyday UseEveryday Use Symbolism The Quilts These quilts represent Mamas family and her heritage, they were made by granny kno t Dee and Big Dee. Symbolically, each piece of material was made from scraps of clothing that once belonged to someone in their family, including pieces of their great-grandfathers Civil War uniform. . To Maggie, they represent her family she still remembers with love her grandmother who made one of them and she says it is okay if Dee takes them because she does not need the quilts to remember Grandma Dee. To Dee, however, the quilts have no emotional value.She regards them as a type of folk art that will look impressive hanging upon her walls. (Dee embraces her African heritage while rejecting her personal family history. ) Mama gives those quilts to Maggie because she knows Maggie, unlike Dee, will honor the culture and heritage by using it, or continuing it the way it was originally intended. Maggie cans appreciate these quilts she said. Shed probably be backward enough to put them to everyday use. The Butter rile and the Dasher The author also uses the butter dig and the dash er as a symbol to show mamas understands of heritage.When Mama takes the dasher handle in her hands, she is symbolically trace the hands of all those who used it before her. Her appreciation for the dasher and the quits is based on the love fort the people who made use of them. Dee wants to use the churn top as a centerpiece for the alcove table and do something creative with the dasher. Mama views and honors her heritage as practical by appreciating what she acquired from previous generations and lay the passed down items into everyday use. Dee views and honors her heritage as superficial by appreciating the passed down items for their materialistic and artistic valueEveryday UseA Contrast between Dee and Maggies View Concerning Their Heritage In my writing essay I shall analyze the way in which heritage can be conceived in Alice Walkers novel Everyday Use, trying to point out the authors main ideas concerning the theme of the story. I would also try to describe the two daughters points of view, Dee and Maggies, about their ancestral heritage. The contrast between these two daughters is more than obvious not only in their appearance but also in their behavior when it comes to quilts from their grandmother.Everyday Use is a story narrated by a rural black woman, who is the mother of the two girls Maggie and Dee Johnson. Mrs. Johnson, is a simple woman but who, in spite of all difficulties that she passed through, she tried to give her daughters if possible, a good education and of course the most important thing, to make them aware of what heritage is indeed, the fact that traditional culture and heritage is not represented only by the possession of old objects, but also by ones behavior and customs.She outlines in the story that she is not a very educated woman, but this does not mean that the lack of education is also reflected in her capacity to understand, to love and to respect her ancestors. Since the beginning of the story, the narrator makes obvious the contrast between Maggie and her elder sister Dee. Dee is a very ambitious girl, with a well-defined character, the one who had always been successful and ambitious. Maggie thinks her sister has held life, always in the palm of one hand, that no is a word the world never learned to say to her. (Walker 2469). Dee denies her real heritage by changing her given name, after her aunt Dee, to the superficially more impressive one Wangero Leewanik Kemanjo, arguing to her mother that Dee is dead and I couldnt bear it any longer, being named after the people who oppress me ( Walker 2472), what she does in fact is to reject her family identity. She inspires in her mother a sort of awe and fear more suitable to the advent of a goddess than the love one might expect a mother to feel for a returning daughter (Farell, Flight).On the other hand, Maggie is the type of simple girl, like her mother, with little education. She is not ambitious like her sister Dee, living somehow in her mothers shad ow. But this might be also because Maggie hadnt her sister luck and she burned severely in the house fire when she was a child, becoming now a shy and fearful person. These features are more visible in her attitude while waiting for her sister to come home. Mama is projecting her own anger and frustration onto her younger daughter when she speculates that Maggie will be cowed by Dees arrival. Maggie will be nervous until after her sister goes she will stand hopelessly in corners homely and ashamed of the burn scars down her arms and legs, eyeing her sister with a mixture of envy and awe ( Walker 2469). As Marianne Hirsch says in one of her critical essays the mother sees in Maggies angerless, fear an image of her own passive acceptance of Dees aggression, her own suppressed anger Moreover, we can see through the lines of this story that, at the beginning, Dee was the daughter that mother preferred most because of her authority and because she wanted to succeed in life by following h er instincts.But when she saw her totally changed, not only physically but also in her mentality, mother realized that Maggie was the one that understood the meaning of heritage and tried to give her justice. It is relevant Mamas awakening to ones daughters superficiality and to the others deep-seated understanding of heritage ( Tuten, Alice Walkers Everyday Use ). However, Dee seems to despise her sister, her mother and the church that helped to educate her. Intentionally or not, she is selfish and she treats her sister with indifference.While Dee escaped from the poor life she was supposed to live, Maggie, next to her mother, represents the multitude of black women who must suffer. Scarred, graceless, not bright and uneducated, Maggie is a living reproach to a survivor like her sister (Cowart, Heritage) . The contradictions about heritage and culture between Maggie and Dee become more extensive when the quilts take part from the story. After dinner, Dee discovers some old quilts w hich belonged to her grandmother.She is very excited that found them, thinking that these quilts represent the testament of her ancestors. Without taking into account Maggies opinion, she asks her mother if she can have those quilts, arguing that she is the only one who can appreciate and have the right to keep them. At first, mother hesitates to give her an answer and offers her other quilts but Dee gets upset and then mother explains to her that the quilts were from Maggie as a wedding gift. Maggies tolerance in the story contrasts with Dees boldness.When Dee insists that her sister would ruin grandmas quilts by using them everyday, and that hanging the quilts would be the only way to preserve them, Maggie like somebody used to never wining anything, or having anything reserved for her says She can have them, Mama. I can remember Grandma Dee without the quilts (Walker, 2474). Mrs. Johnson then realizes what makes Maggie different form her sister. She sees her scarred hands hidde n in her skirt and says When I looked at her like that something hit me in the top of my head and ran down to the soles of my feet.Just like when Im in the church and the spirit of God touches me and I get happy and shout (Walker, 2475). This powerful feelings determines Mama to do something she had never done before she snatched the quilts out of Miss Wangeros hands and dumped them into Maggies lap ( Walker, 2475). Mamas behavior here is almost like Dees because she rebuffs her wishes for the first time and give justice to the most patient Maggie. The fact that she takes the quilts from Dee and gives them to Maggie, she confirms her younger daughters self-worth metaphorically, she gives Maggie her voice ( Tuten, Alice Walkers Everyday Use ).In conclusion, I can say that Everyday Use is a story about understanding heritage. This concept is very well exposed by the two characters Alice Walker created, Dee and Maggie. These two daughters have a completely different view in what concer ns the heritage from their ancestors in this case their origins and their inheritance, the quilts from Grandma Dee. Maggie is the one who understands that heritage is about respecting familys traditions and customs while Dee destroys the traditional image kept by Mrs.Johnson and her sister. She denies her true origins by changing the given name into more fashionable one, Wangero Leewanik Kemanjo. One should appreciate his legacy because it represents indeed what we are. We can not hide our roots and even if we want, this would not be possible because it always remains present in our souls and our minds, we like it or not. WORKES CITED PRIMARY SOURCE Walker, Alice. Everyday Use. In Love and Trouble Stories of Black Women New York Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1973.SECONDARY SOURCE Cowart, David . Heritage and deracination in Walkers Everyday Use. Studies in Short Fiction. FindArticles. com. Farrell Susan. Fight vs. Flight a re-evaluation of Dee in Alice Walkers Everyday Use- Critical E ssay. Studies in Short Fiction. FindArticles. com. Hirsch, Marianne. Clytemnestras Children Writing the Mothers Anger. Alice Walker Modern Critical Views. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York Chelsea House, 1989. Tuten, Nancy. Alice Walkers Everyday Use. The Explicator 51. 2,1993Everyday UseA Contrast between Dee and Maggies View Concerning Their Heritage In my writing essay I shall analyze the way in which heritage can be conceived in Alice Walkers novel Everyday Use, trying to point out the authors main ideas concerning the theme of the story. I would also try to describe the two daughters points of view, Dee and Maggies, about their ancestral heritage. The contrast between these two daughters is more than obvious not only in their appearance but also in their behavior when it comes to quilts from their grandmother.Everyday Use is a story narrated by a rural black woman, who is the mother of the two girls Maggie and Dee Johnson. Mrs. Johnson, is a simple woman but who, in spite of all dif ficulties that she passed through, she tried to give her daughters if possible, a good education and of course the most important thing, to make them aware of what heritage is indeed, the fact that traditional culture and heritage is not represented only by the possession of old objects, but also by ones behavior and customs.She outlines in the story that she is not a very educated woman, but this does not mean that the lack of education is also reflected in her capacity to understand, to love and to respect her ancestors. Since the beginning of the story, the narrator makes obvious the contrast between Maggie and her elder sister Dee. Dee is a very ambitious girl, with a well-defined character, the one who had always been successful and ambitious. Maggie thinks her sister has held life, always in the palm of one hand, that no is a word the world never learned to say to her. (Walker 2469). Dee denies her real heritage by changing her given name, after her aunt Dee, to the superficia lly more impressive one Wangero Leewanik Kemanjo, arguing to her mother that Dee is dead and I couldnt bear it any longer, being named after the people who oppress me ( Walker 2472), what she does in fact is to reject her family identity. She inspires in her mother a sort of awe and fear more suitable to the advent of a goddess than the love one might expect a mother to feel for a returning daughter (Farell, Flight).On the other hand, Maggie is the type of simple girl, like her mother, with little education. She is not ambitious like her sister Dee, living somehow in her mothers shadow. But this might be also because Maggie hadnt her sister luck and she burned severely in the house fire when she was a child, becoming now a shy and fearful person. These features are more visible in her attitude while waiting for her sister to come home. Mama is projecting her own anger and frustration onto her younger daughter when she speculates that Maggie will be cowed by Dees arrival. Maggie will be nervous until after her sister goes she will stand hopelessly in corners homely and ashamed of the burn scars down her arms and legs, eyeing her sister with a mixture of envy and awe ( Walker 2469). As Marianne Hirsch says in one of her critical essays the mother sees in Maggies angerless, fear an image of her own passive acceptance of Dees aggression, her own suppressed anger Moreover, we can see through the lines of this story that, at the beginning, Dee was the daughter that mother preferred most because of her authority and because she wanted to succeed in life by following her instincts.But when she saw her totally changed, not only physically but also in her mentality, mother realized that Maggie was the one that understood the meaning of heritage and tried to give her justice. It is relevant Mamas awakening to ones daughters superficiality and to the others deep-seated understanding of heritage ( Tuten, Alice Walkers Everyday Use ). However, Dee seems to despise her siste r, her mother and the church that helped to educate her. Intentionally or not, she is selfish and she treats her sister with indifference.While Dee escaped from the poor life she was supposed to live, Maggie, next to her mother, represents the multitude of black women who must suffer. Scarred, graceless, not bright and uneducated, Maggie is a living reproach to a survivor like her sister (Cowart, Heritage) . The contradictions about heritage and culture between Maggie and Dee become more extensive when the quilts take part from the story. After dinner, Dee discovers some old quilts which belonged to her grandmother.She is very excited that found them, thinking that these quilts represent the testament of her ancestors. Without taking into account Maggies opinion, she asks her mother if she can have those quilts, arguing that she is the only one who can appreciate and have the right to keep them. At first, mother hesitates to give her an answer and offers her other quilts but Dee get s upset and then mother explains to her that the quilts were from Maggie as a wedding gift. Maggies tolerance in the story contrasts with Dees boldness.When Dee insists that her sister would ruin grandmas quilts by using them everyday, and that hanging the quilts would be the only way to preserve them, Maggie like somebody used to never wining anything, or having anything reserved for her says She can have them, Mama. I can remember Grandma Dee without the quilts (Walker, 2474). Mrs. Johnson then realizes what makes Maggie different form her sister. She sees her scarred hands hidden in her skirt and says When I looked at her like that something hit me in the top of my head and ran down to the soles of my feet.Just like when Im in the church and the spirit of God touches me and I get happy and shout (Walker, 2475). This powerful feelings determines Mama to do something she had never done before she snatched the quilts out of Miss Wangeros hands and dumped them into Maggies lap ( Wa lker, 2475). Mamas behavior here is almost like Dees because she rebuffs her wishes for the first time and give justice to the most patient Maggie. The fact that she takes the quilts from Dee and gives them to Maggie, she confirms her younger daughters self-worth metaphorically, she gives Maggie her voice ( Tuten, Alice Walkers Everyday Use ).In conclusion, I can say that Everyday Use is a story about understanding heritage. This concept is very well exposed by the two characters Alice Walker created, Dee and Maggie. These two daughters have a completely different view in what concerns the heritage from their ancestors in this case their origins and their inheritance, the quilts from Grandma Dee. Maggie is the one who understands that heritage is about respecting familys traditions and customs while Dee destroys the traditional image kept by Mrs.Johnson and her sister. She denies her true origins by changing the given name into more fashionable one, Wangero Leewanik Kemanjo. One sho uld appreciate his legacy because it represents indeed what we are. We can not hide our roots and even if we want, this would not be possible because it always remains present in our souls and our minds, we like it or not. WORKES CITED PRIMARY SOURCE Walker, Alice. Everyday Use. In Love and Trouble Stories of Black Women New York Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1973.SECONDARY SOURCE Cowart, David . Heritage and deracination in Walkers Everyday Use. Studies in Short Fiction. FindArticles. com. Farrell Susan. Fight vs. Flight a re-evaluation of Dee in Alice Walkers Everyday Use- Critical Essay. Studies in Short Fiction. FindArticles. com. Hirsch, Marianne. Clytemnestras Children Writing the Mothers Anger. Alice Walker Modern Critical Views. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York Chelsea House, 1989. Tuten, Nancy. Alice Walkers Everyday Use. The Explicator 51. 2,1993

Middlemarch

One of the central themes that runs through Middlemarch is that of marriage. Indeed, it has been argued that Middlemarch provide be construed as a treatise in favor of decouple. I do not think that this is the case, although there are a number of obviously unsuitable marriages. If it had been Elliots intention to keep open nigh such(prenominal) a controversial subject, I believe she would not have resorted to veiling it in a novel.She illustrates the different stages of relationships that her characters undergo, from courtship through to marriage, George Eliot had pondered overflowing about the panorama nd the portrayal of women in Victorian edict, and the various responses different types of women elicit. Probably this had enabled Eliot to sketch and embed in her novel, charming characters such as Dorothea and Rosamond, two very(prenominal) different women who reflected in them the different tunes of the times. Their ideas would be echoed and supported in the works of other writers in this era.Up until this time, marriage had been thought and been written about to be a method for men to control women and allow them to be dependent and subservient rather than to search for love. To highlight the cause of women, Eliot made a rather reason move and brought in marriage as a very important theme in Middlemarch. Marriage, central to the lives of women in Victorian society becomes the stubvas on which her two characters bloom. Thus, she illustrates the different stages of relationships that her characters undergo, from courtship through to marriage.A fellow mortal with whose nature you are acquainted with solely through the brief entrances and exits of a few imaginative weeks called courtship, may, when seen in the continuity of married companionship, be disclosed as something better or worse han what you have preconceived, exactly impart sure as shooting not push through altogether the same. (Eliot, 193) She not only includes the new couples (Fred and Mary, Celia and Chettam), but also the older ones (the Garths and the Cadwalladers and the Bulstrodes), as well as widowhood (Dorothea).But because of the strength, depth and diversity in Dorothea and Rosamond, they remain brightest plain as the story unfolds a nuptial kaleidoscope through various couples. The marriage that would seem most in need of a divorce was that between Dorothea and Casaubon- which ironically, is the ne that would last the longest if divorce had been available. Dorothea would not, indeed could not divorce Casaubon because of her honesty and the strength of her idealism. Despite the fact that Casaubon is clearly unsuitable, she still goes frontwards with the marriage.It can be said that Dorothea represents the antithesis of Casaubon, where he his cold and severe, she is warm and friendly. Indeed, they are portrayed in clearly different ways Dorothea represents light and life, while Casaubon is unfairness and death. To Mr. Brooke, Casaubon is buried in books , to Sir James he seems a mummy who has not a drop of red blood in him (Eliot, 447). The very thought that Dorothea has come to be engaged to him causes Celia to clams to grieve.Everything about Casaubon issues from this basic metaphor. His appearance a pa id complexion, deep eye sockets, iron-grey hair, makes his head look like a skull. Indeed, his scheme to Dorothea, in which his pith is introduced in parenthesis, shows that he is emotionally dead. Eliot could not have been precise on such matters, but he may be sexually impotent, for Dorothea is found mother fucker bitterly on her oneymoon in Rome, and it may not simply be his deficiencies as a scholar that account for her disappointment.It is not love that attracts Dorothea to the corpse-like Casaubon, but rather her sense of duty her passion to be like one of Miltons daughters. Dorothea, orphaned at a young age, would seem to long for a married man who can worry the role of the father she lost. In this era, there was a lot of pressure for women to act in order to please the father of the family. In this case Dorothea shares this desire to obey what she believes her fathers wishes would be in order to be a good daughter.Just as Eliot is stating a satirical example on the construct of pleasing antique fgures, this idea was touched upon in Mary Wollstonecrafts Vindication of the Rights of Women in which Wollstonecraft wrote, obeying a parent only on account of his being a parent, shackles the mind, and prepares it for a instrumental submission to any power but reason (153). In this segment, Mary is trying to emphasize that teaching children to obey without question will cause a blindness as they reach adulthood that will prevent them from making decisions that are better off for their happiness in life.This can be seen in Dorotheas choice in marrying Casaubon. Casaubons age is no deterrence indeed she would rather marry a teacher / father fgure than a amatory person at the beginning of the novel . She learns, though, that this is a bad idea, and so finds herself attracted to Ladislaw. She is so possessed with the idea of contributing to the good of humanity through the assistance she can offer Casaubon, she does not even notice how patronizing and self-centered he is.MiddlemarchOne of the central themes that runs through Middlemarch is that of marriage. Indeed, it has been argued that Middlemarch can be construed as a treatise in favor of divorce. I do not think that this is the case, although there are a number of obviously unsuitable marriages. If it had been Elliots intention to write about such a controversial subject, I believe she would not have resorted to veiling it in a novel.She illustrates the different stages of relationships that her characters undergo, from courtship through to marriage, George Eliot had pondered enough about the position nd the portrayal of women in Victorian society, and the various responses different types of women elicit. Probably this ha d enabled Eliot to sketch and embed in her novel, charming characters such as Dorothea and Rosamond, two very different women who reflected in them the different tunes of the times. Their ideas would be echoed and supported in the works of other writers in this era.Up until this time, marriage had been thought and been written about to be a method for men to control women and allow them to be dependent and subservient rather than to search for love. To highlight the cause of women, Eliot made a rather calculated move and brought in marriage as a very important theme in Middlemarch. Marriage, central to the lives of women in Victorian society becomes the canvas on which her two characters bloom. Thus, she illustrates the different stages of relationships that her characters undergo, from courtship through to marriage.A fellow mortal with whose nature you are acquainted with solely through the brief entrances and exits of a few imaginative weeks called courtship, may, when seen in the continuity of married companionship, be disclosed as something better or worse han what you have preconceived, but will certainly not appear altogether the same. (Eliot, 193) She not only includes the new couples (Fred and Mary, Celia and Chettam), but also the older ones (the Garths and the Cadwalladers and the Bulstrodes), as well as widowhood (Dorothea).But because of the strength, depth and diversity in Dorothea and Rosamond, they remain brightest even as the story unfolds a nuptial kaleidoscope through various couples. The marriage that would seem most in need of a divorce was that between Dorothea and Casaubon- which ironically, is the ne that would last the longest if divorce had been available. Dorothea would not, indeed could not divorce Casaubon because of her honesty and the strength of her idealism. Despite the fact that Casaubon is clearly unsuitable, she still goes ahead with the marriage.It can be said that Dorothea represents the antithesis of Casaubon, where he his cold and severe, she is warm and friendly. Indeed, they are portrayed in clearly different ways Dorothea represents light and life, while Casaubon is darkness and death. To Mr. Brooke, Casaubon is buried in books, to Sir James he seems a mummy who has not a drop of red blood in him (Eliot, 447). The very thought that Dorothea has come to be engaged to him causes Celia to start to grieve.Everything about Casaubon issues from this basic metaphor. His appearance a pa id complexion, deep eye sockets, iron-grey hair, makes his head look like a skull. Indeed, his proposal to Dorothea, in which his affection is introduced in parenthesis, shows that he is emotionally dead. Eliot could not have been precise on such matters, but he may be sexually impotent, for Dorothea is found sobbing bitterly on her oneymoon in Rome, and it may not simply be his deficiencies as a scholar that account for her disappointment.It is not love that attracts Dorothea to the corpse-like Casaubon, but rather her sense of duty her desire to be like one of Miltons daughters. Dorothea, orphaned at a young age, would seem to long for a husband who can fill the role of the father she lost. In this era, there was a lot of pressure for women to act in order to please the father of the family. In this case Dorothea shares this desire to obey what she believes her fathers wishes would be in order to be a good daughter.Just as Eliot is stating a satirical example on the concept of pleasing patriarchal fgures, this idea was touched upon in Mary Wollstonecrafts Vindication of the Rights of Women in which Wollstonecraft wrote, obeying a parent only on account of his being a parent, shackles the mind, and prepares it for a slavish submission to any power but reason (153). In this segment, Mary is trying to emphasize that teaching children to obey without question will cause a blindness as they reach adulthood that will prevent them from making decisions that are better off for their happiness in life.T his can be seen in Dorotheas choice in marrying Casaubon. Casaubons age is no deterrence indeed she would rather marry a teacher / father fgure than a romantic person at the beginning of the novel. She learns, though, that this is a bad idea, and so finds herself attracted to Ladislaw. She is so possessed with the idea of contributing to the good of humanity through the assistance she can offer Casaubon, she does not even notice how patronizing and self-centered he is.

Final Assignment

Addition all in ally, it leave show which permutes will be made that will feel a positive exult to our platform not only now, further in the hereafter as well. Readiness of our Leaders there argon several leaders in this change the principal, H. O. S. T. ecesis Migrant Education, Reading Teacher, several paraprofessionals, and our SST including myself. Together we identify the core elements and negotiate items in our change plan. The consequential change is to increase the time allotted students to do reading at our program.Program/practices for scale and sustainability Our program has and is having mastery in empowering students to grow al develop in a safe and caring environment. The argona that chiffonier be improved the enriching environment, why? First, the program needs to have price of admission computers in the bea where array is located. Second because the student get computers time only three days out of the week and for 20 minutes a c while at HOST. Third, t he students atomic number 18 given 30 minutes, but by the time t go to and from the computer lab, which takes them 10 minutes, they only 20 minutes at most.My personal feelings are that our children can benefit from having their own computer lab at HOST or tablets that they can access anytime they are in the aftershock program. Most of the students at our aerogram are of Hispanic decent some of them press in reading, light and composing. I can only imagine what can be d matchless to wait on them in those areas if we had our own computers or tablets. Our student have a 30 minute block in which reading is being implemented already, if v had reading and writing software on tablets Or Computers Our students cal thread the benefits. What is it?Why is it important? In order for our program to continue to empower students to grow and develop in a safe, caring, an educationally enriched environment feel that the students need much reading time. My thoughts are that if the students ha d tablets in our aftershock program to work with in reading that they would make rapid advancement in reading. The stakeholders that will approach are the principal at the school, since she is a person that commends a lot of power In other oral communication when she speaks people listen, plus she knows other people as well that have that type of authority.Identifying the main change will assist us to determine whether or not all elements within this change are crucial. At this point our plan can be tweaked to fit the needs of our studs The need and wiliness of all stakeholders to relocate resources for the Ben f our change plan is amazing. In corporations or companies change is evitable and a essential in order to stay in the game. The key to change is to b willing to listen to others opinions. How is it highschool quality and valued by stakeholders? This change is high quality because of the students that this change targetMost of the students are Engle sis Language Learners an d struggle with comprehension. Some of them are behind in their level of reading and writing skills. What results are anticipated? This change will be enriching the students in that they will increase their level of reading, comprehension ND writing skills. The stakeholders will benefit because they will tangiblely s the students progress. Non-negotiable elements of the program/practice There will be items in the change plan that is nonnegotiable in order to keep the integrity of the change.During our readiness stages as a group we decided that reading and comprehension were nonnegotiable. These two items are non-negotiable since they are our focal point of interest. Without these two we would not have a need for the change plan. Scale and sustainability advance In order to define the scale and sustainability score of the change plan we ad to review the Scale and Sustainability scores located within the book Leading Change Step-By-Step by Jody Spiro. These results will let us kno w to what extent certain features have been merged into our program (Spiro, 201 1).Our results show that we have an all-inclusive plan, but not all stakeholders have bought into it yet. What this says about us is that we are good at working in concert and coming up with a plan. However, this does not mean that everyone agrees with it. There is still some opponent to the actual plan change. This of course is expected, since change is never easy, nonetheless a good way to get individuals on board is by communicating and educating them. Education & conference One of the outgo ways to overcome resistance to change is to educate people about the change effort beforehand.Being upfront with education and communication lets everyone have knowledge about the changes. People tend to see things that are happening now as to a greater extent urgent than those that will happen in the future. (Weber, 2006). Sometimes individuals are afraid of something they do not understand, provided once th ey learn how this change is to come or will be made they are not as afraid. It is only then that they will start asking questions once they are informed. This however is not a guarantee that they will accept the change right away, but now they are more ready to listen to what one has to say.The development of scale and sustainability strategies for the change strategy Creating an environment where there is well-defined communication and providing them an outlet to speak about their concerns will minimize a lot of the resistance. Providing the team with a consistent and clear message will minimize resistance. If change my views or do not backbreaking confident in my change plans, the message will be inconsistent. On the other hand, if I am consistent and clear offering a clear vision and specific goals to achieve, the team will be focused and know what is expected of them.I will also make convinced(predicate) the messages are communicated through the participants ears (Spiro, 201 1). Communication is a key element, for this element we scored a five. However, this needs to be on a continual base in order for the group to be informed throughout the school year. Communication is not something that happens abide minute it is something that is practice throughout with co- workers. In conclusion Veneered you introduce change, you are sure to encounter barriers (Drexel & Muskier, 2012). The best change leaders will have a plan B for when things go wrong.Knowing your group, making sure you communicate with them and realizing you cannot make change happen alone will help your change effort live on successful. Communication must be clear and consistent while your plan needs to have important feasible goals. Another area to be aware of is that the plan change is not written on stone and that there might be changes that will take place throughout the planning stages. What one might come up with at the end as a leader for hanger might be totally different than what on e started with.

Chaucer on marriage

Chaucer looks at male and female perspectives on coupling and shows the entire institution to be a farce, stereotyped by wealthy, flaccid onetime(a) men and young, beautiful, deceitful wives. January, the old man in the merchants tale, says conjugation is so easy and so cline (1264), which is sarcastic as the merchant has already spoken out against marriage, and women in particular. Yet Januarys motivations to get married are hardly pure, but more practical and shallow.For sixty course a waffles man was heel and followed ay his bodily delete/ on women (1248-50) after sixty years of cozen around with numerous women, he is ready to have a married woman on which he flop engender hymn an heir (1272). Rather than choosing a wife who is wise and loving and would care for him in his old age and sickness, he makes his decision as if he were choosing livestock, saying l wool noon Old . Nary Han / she shall Nat passe twenty year /and bet than old beef is the tender get (1416-20).What is ironic is that January sees this way of approaching marriage as pure because it was so normal and standard. The purity of marriage would come if it were based on love and mutual respect, but instead for most men it is near having an heir and a beautiful wife. January cant see that hes leaving himself vulnerable to a young wife that entrust be deceitful and seek pleasure from younger more attractive men, instead thinking he can a young thing may men gee,/ right as men may warm hex with handed Pyle (1429-30).In the wifes tale, she shows that old men cannot actually mold their young wives into good, loving creatures. Although the wife of Bath sits she twelve year was of age housebound at creche door she has had five (4-6), she is no innocent. She manipulates and terrorizes her old hubbys with her sexuality to gain money and control, until they are her detours and thralls (155). She ends up molding her old conserves to her will.For her a husband is a source of income, and she alw ays sakes sure she has one lined up on the sidelines. She had her fifth husband ready to marry her by the time her fourth housebound was on beer (587), and she wept but small (592), being already purveyed of a make (591). Even though the fifth husband that she takes is younger than her and she is now in the old mans position, she is still able to control her young husband to a certain degree, although it is much harder.It seems like an immanent ability that women have to control their cabanas because its more than a survival method, but a way to get hold pleasure despite being in a technically submissive role. But a square marriage shouldnt be about control. This is what makes marriage such a Joke to Chaucer, and he is very cynical towards it. The tradition and sanctity of marriage means nothing because it is based on a foundation of be and shallowness. Men and women conform to their stereotypes because of how society has shaped them and made marriage such a necessity.

Case 302 July in Multiplex

Case 302From this case, there are two types of errors, which the consortium can make. A grapheme I faulting is referred to as a false positive. A Type I error would be made when the null guesswork is get rid ofed when it should be accepted. This error may occur if the consortium defends any(prenominal) lawsuit against them if they are using 6% (6/ atomic number 6) as their check overing result. The results of the sample size of coke sight indicate that the percentage range is from 1. 35% to 10. 65%. The test results can be high than 10%, but actually it is lower.Therefore, if the consortium defends any lawsuit against them it is possible that a Type I Error can be made. The second type of error is a Type II Error, which is also cognise as false negative. A Type II error would be made when the election guess is rejected when it should be accepted. For this to occur, the consortium must make a decision to settle the case when the survey result shows a lower percentage tha n 10% but in reality it is actually higher than 10%. The only error the consortium should make is a Type II error because the alternative hypothesis was rejected.As previously stated, using a sample size of 100 shows that we would not reject the null hypothesis, in other words, this would mean to settle with Tommy. If we did not create a second hypothesis test using a sample size of three hundred, we would not have defended against Tommy in court and a Type II error would have been made. Size of simple Defend lawsuit Settlement 100 Type II Error Right decision 300 Right decision Type I Error Table 1 We have proven that 94% of the surveyed moviegoers indicated that they are satisfied that theater lead commercials before movie.Only 6% of the moviegoers opposed to watch commercials before movie. This statistical analysis validates that the consortium should desire to defend any lawsuit Tommy or any other unhappy moviegoer files. In this situation, a Type II error would have been mad e if we decided to base our analysis only on a sample size of 100. A larger sample size always depicts a much accurate display. Statistical Analysis H0 = 10% H1 10% 1st Same Size N 100 (sample size) p? 6/100 = . 06 Confidence Interval .06 1. 96 = . 0135 . 1065Test StatisticZ= = -1. 33, from bar Normal Distribution gameboard = P-value = . 0918 P-value (alpha) .0918 . 05 Since P-value (. 0918) is greater than alpha (. 05), we fail to reject the null hypothesis. 2nd Sample Size N 300 p? 18/300 = . 06 Confidence Interval .06 1. 96 = . 0331 . 0869 Test Statistic Z= = -2. 31 from Standard Normal Distribution table = P-value = . 0104 P-value alpha .0104 . 05 Since P-value (. 0107) is less than alpha (. 05), we reject the null hypothesis

The Indus Valley Civilization History Essay

The Indus Valley purification is besides k instantaneouslyn as the Harappan Civilization later on the secondary town named Harappa, in what is straight Pakistan, where the refining was fore or so discovered. It is besides cognize as the Indus Civilization because devil of its best-known metropoliss, Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, are determined on the Bankss of the Indus River. This name is inaccurate. Most of the subtlety s colonies were situated a unyielding the both bit monolithic Ghaggar-Hakra river system, which is now in the measurable nonextant. The Indus Valley refinement extended over a big part of contemporary Pakistan and horse opera India. It flourished between 2600 and 1900 BC.Forgotten to history prior to its rediscovery in the 1920s, the Indus purification as it is more normally ( if inaccurately ) called ranks with its coevalss, Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt, as one of the three earliest of all human nicetys, as defined by the outgrowth of metropoliss and composing.The Indus subtlety was non the earliest human elaboration Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt true metropoliss astir(predicate)what before the Indus purification did. Nevertheless, the Indus civilisation was by far the most geographically extended of the three earliest civilisations. Over kB colonies rich person been appoint, the bulk along the way of the nonextant Ghaggar-Hakra river, which one time flowed like the Indus by dint of what is now known as the Indus Valley. ( It is due to the Ghaggar-Hakra s prominence that some(a) bookmans, with justification, prefer to talk of the Indus Valley civilisation instead than the Indus civilisation for the interest of brevity, this article will utilize the octogenarianer terminology. )Other Indus civilisation colonies were situated along the Indus and its feeders or spread every bit widely as Mumbai ( Bombay ) to the South, Delhi to the E, the Persian boundary blood to the West and the Himalayas to the north. Among the colonies are legion metropoliss, including Dholavira ? , Ganeriwala ? , Harappa, Lothal, Mohenjo-daro and Rakhigarhi ? . At its extremum, its population may grasp exceeded five million people. In changeless, close communicating were towns and metropoliss separated by distances of 1000 kilometer.For all its accomplishments, the Indus civilisation is ill understood. Its really being was forgotten until the twentieth century. Its authorship system remains undeciphered. Among the Indus civilisation s enigmas are cardinal inquiries, including its agencies of subsistence and the causes of its sudden, melodramatic disappearing, get downing close to 1900 BC. We do non lie with what linguistic parley Indus civilisation wheel spoke. We do non cognize what they called themselves. All of these facts stand in stark contrast to what is known about its coevalss, Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt.Table of contents1 Predecessors2 appendage of Civilization3 Cities4 Economy5 Agribusiness 6 Writing7 blood line and Collapse8 Bequest9 External MentionsPredecessorsThe Indus civilisation was predated by the first agriculture elaborations in south Asia, which emerged in the hills Baluchistan, to the West of the Indus Valley. The best-known site of this civilization is Mehrgarh, established around 6500 BC ? . These archaean husbandmans domesticated wheat and a assortment of living beings, including cowss. Pottery was in usage by around 5500 BC ? . The Indus civilization grew out of this civilization s technological base, every bit good as its geographic enlargement into the alluvial fields of what are now the states of Sindh and Punjab in modern-day Pakistan.By 4000 BC, a typical, regional civilization, called pre-Harappan, had emerged in this bucolic. ( It is called pre-Harappan because remains of this widespread civilization are found in the early strata of Indus civilisation metropoliss. ) Trade webs linked this civilization with related regional civilizations and distant beginnings of natural stuffs, including lapis lazuli and former(a) stuffs for bead-making. Villagers had, by this clip, domesticated legion harvests, including peas, benne forecastd, day of the months, and cotton, every bit good as a enormous scope of domestic animate beings, including the water supply American bison, an animate being that remains indispensable to intense agricultural production throughout Asia today.Emergence of CivilizationBy 2600 BC, some pre-Harappan colonies grew into metropoliss incorporating 1000s of people who were non chiefly engaged in agribusiness. Subsequently, a coordinated civilization emerged throughout the country, conveying into conformance colonies that were separated by every bit very much as 1,000 kilometer. and muffling regional differences. So sudden was this civilization s outgrowth that early bookmans thought that it must book resulted from external conquering or migration. Yet archeologists have demonstrated that this civi lization did, in fact, arise from its pre-Harappan predecessor. The civilization s sudden visual aspect appears to throw away been the consequence of planned, deliberate attempt. For illustration, some colonies appear to form been intentionally rearranged to conform to a witting, well-developed program. For this ground, the Indus civilisation is recognized to be the first to develop urban planning.CitiesThe Indus civilisation s preference for urban planning is apparent in the larger colonies and metropoliss. Typically, the metropolis is divided into two subdivisions. The first country includes a raised, earthen platform ( dubbed the Citadel by early archeologists ) . The 2nd country ( called the lower metropolis ) contains tightly packed places and stores, every bit good as chiseled streets that were situated out to a precise program. A system of unvarying weights and steps was in usage, and streets and back streets are of stiffly unvarying breadth in virtually all Harappan s ites. The chief edifice stuff was brick, twain fired and sun-baked, of a strictly standardised size. The largest metropoliss every bit many as 30,000 people.As seen in Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, the best-known ( and perchance the largest ) metropoliss, this urban program included the universe s first urban sanitation systems. Within the metropolis, single places or groups of places obtained H2O from Wellss. From a room that appears to devote been set aside for bathing, drive out H2O was directed to covered drains, which lined the major streets. Although the well-engineered system drained waste H2O from the metropolis, it seems lighten that the streets were far from fragrant. Houses opened merely to inner courtyards and smaller lanes.The intent of the Citadel remains a encounter of argument. In crisp contrast to this civilisation s coevalss, Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt, no big, monumental constructions were built. There is no conclusive grounds of castles or temples or, so, of male monarchs, ground forcess, or priests. Some constructions are thought to transport been garners. Found at one metropolis is an tremendous, well-built bath, which may manipulate been a public bath. Although the Citadels are walled, it is far from clear that these constructions were defensive. They may hold been built to deviate inundation Waterss.Most metropolis inhabitants appear to hold been bargainers or craftsmans, who lived with new(prenominal)s prosecuting the same business in chiseled vicinities. Materials from distant parts were used in the metropoliss for expression seals, beads and other(a) objects. Among the artefacts made were beautiful beads made of glassy rock ( called faience ? . The seals have images of animate beings, Gods etc. , and letterings. Some of the seals were used to stomp clay on trade goods, but they likely had other utilizations. Although some houses were larger than others, Indus civilisation metropoliss were singular for their evident e qualitarianism. For illustration, all houses had entree to H2O and drainage installations. angiotensin-converting enzyme gets the feeling of a huge, middle-class society.EconomyThe Indus civilisation s economic system appears to hold depended significantly on trade, which was facilitated by major progresss in conveyance engineering. These progresss included bullock-driven carts that are indistinguishable to those seen throughout South Asia today, every bit good as boats. Most of these boats were likely petite, flat-bottomed trade, possibly driven by canvas, quasi(prenominal) to those one can see on the Indus River today nevertheless, there is secondary grounds of sea-going trade late, archeologists have discovered a monolithic, dredged canal and docking installation at a coastal metropolis.Judging from the dispersion of Indus civilisation artefacts, the trade webs economically integrated a immense country, including parts of Afghanistan, the coastal parts of Persia, Federal a nd cardinal India, and Mesopotamia. A Sumerian lettering appears to utilize the name Meluhha to mention to the Indus civilisation. If so, it is the lone grounds we birth that might propose what Indus civilisation people called themselves.AgribusinessIndus civilisation agribusiness must hold been extremely productive after all, it was capable of bring forthing excesss sufficient to back up 10s of 1000s of urban occupants who were non chiefly engaged in agribusiness. It relied on the wide technological accomplishments of the pre-Harappan civilization, including the Big Dipper. Still, really small is known about the husbandmans who supported the metropoliss or their agricultural methods. Some of them doubtless made usage of the fertile alluvial dirt ? left by rivers after the inundation season, but this simple method of agribusiness is non thought to be productive tidy sum to back up metropoliss. There is no grounds of irrigation, but such grounds could hold been blotted out b y repeated, ruinous inundations.The Indus civilisation appears to disconfirm the Oriental Despotism ? opening, which is concerned with the beginning of urban civilisation and the province. Harmonizing to this hypothesis, metropoliss could non hold arisen without irrigation systems capable of bring forthing monolithic agricultural excesss ? . To construct these systems, a despotic, centralised province emerged that was capable of opinion downing the social position of 1000s of people and tackling their labor party as slaves. It is really hard to square this hypothesis with what is known about the Indus civilisation. There is no grounds of irrigation and what is more, there is no grounds of male monarchs, slaves, or forced mobilisation of labour.It is frequently assumed that intensive agricultural production requires dikes and canals. This premise is easy refuted. end-to-end Asia, rice husbandmans produce important agricultural excesss from terraced, hillside rice Paddies ? , which result non from bondage but instead the accrued labour of many coevalss of people. Alternatively of edifice canals, Indus civilisation people may hold built H2O recreation strategies, which like patio agribusiness ? can be elaborated by coevalss of small-scale labour investings. In add-on, it is known that Indus civilisation people practiced rainfall harvest home ? , a muscular engineering that was brought to fruition by classical Indian civilisation but about forgotten in the twentieth century. It should be remembered that Indus civilisation people, like all peoples in South Asia, built their lives around the monsoon, a conditions form in which the majority of a twelvemonth s rainfall occurs in a four-month period. At a late discovered Indus civilisation metropolis in western India, archaeologists discovered a serial publication of monolithic reservoirs, hewn from solid stone and designed to roll up rainfall, that would hold been capable of pelt along intoing the metropolis s demands during the dry season.The nature of the Indus civilisation s agricultural system is still mostly a single- take accountd function of speculation. But the affair is of import. It is possible that this civilisation teaches an of import lesson. By agencies of corporate societal action and harmonious integrating with the natural environment, human existences may hold one time created considerable economic prosperity without societal inequality or political subjugation. If this is so the Indus civilisation s accomplishment, it is among the most baronial in all human history.WritingThe Indus civilisation remains cryptic in another agency Despite legion efforts, bookmans have non been able to decode the Indus book. superstar blood is the deficiency of grounds. Most of the known letterings have been found on seals or ceramic pots, and are no more than 4 or 5 characters in length the longest is 26 characters. There is no grounds of a fundamental structure of litera ture. A complicating factor No 1 knows which linguistic communication Indus civilisation people spoke likely campaigners are the Dravidian linguistic communication household, the Munda, the Indo- Indo-Aryan, and Sumerian. Were it known which linguistic communication was spoken by Indus civilisation people, bookmans might derive hints that could assist them decode the book. But no 1 knows.Because the letterings are so short, some bookmans wonder whether the Indus book fell abruptly of a true authorship system it has been suggested that the system amounted to little more than a agency of entering individuality in economic minutess. Still, it is possible that longer texts were scripted in perishable media. Morever, there is one, little piece of grounds proposing that the book embodies a well-known, widespread, and complex communicating system. At a late discovered Indus civilisation metropolis in Western India, grounds has been found that appears to be the leftovers of a big mark tha t was mounted above the gate to the metropolis. perchance it was designed to assure travellers ( who would hold been legion ) of the metropolis s name, correspondent to the welcome marks seen today along main roads taking to major metropoliss.Decline and CollapseFor 700 old ages, the Indus civilisation provided its peoples with prosperity and copiousness and its craftsmans produced goods of exceling beauty and excellence. But about every bit all of a sudden as the civilisation emerged, it declined and disappeared. No 1 knows why. approximately 1900 BC, marks began to emerge of mounting jobs. Peoples started to go forth the metropoliss. Those who remained were ill nourished. By around 1800 BC, most of the metropoliss were abandoned. In the centuries to come and once more, in crisp contrast to its coevalss, Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt remembrance of the Indus civilisation and its accomplishments seemed to vanish from the bring down of human experience. Unlike the antediluvian E gyptians and Mesopotamians, Indus civilisation people built no immense, stone memorials to certify to their being. One could reason that they could non make so because rock was difficult to come by in the Indus Valley alluvial sediment. One could besides reason that the construct of an tremendous, intimidating memorial was foreign to their position of the universe.To be certain, Indus civilisation people did non vanish. In the wake of the Indus civilisation s prostration, regional civilizations emerged, all of which show the tarriance enchant to changing grades of the Indus civilisation. In the once great metropolis of Harappa, entombments have been found that correspond to a regional civilization called the Cemetery H civilization. Some former Indus civilisation people appear to hold migrated to the E, toward the Gangetic translucent ? . What disappeared was non the people, but the civilisation the metropoliss, the authorship system, the trade webs, and finally the politica l orientation that so evidently provided the shrewd foundation for this civilisation s integrating.In the past, many bookmans argued that the prostration was so sudden that it must hold been caused by foreign conquering. In the 19th century, some bookmans argued that superior Aryan encroachers, with their Equus caballuss and chariots, conquered the crude, dark, and weak peoples they encountered in ancient South Asia. Subsequently, these white encroachers intermingled with the autochthonal dark population, and grew weak and hence ripe for repeated conquering. It was package of a larger, fabulous narration that was used to legalize the English colonisation of the weak and dark peoples of India. These thoughts were developed before the find of the Indus civilisation itself, when it was assumed that the pre-Aryan Indian populations lived crude lives. When the civilisation was discovered in the 1920s, these statements were able to show the Indo-Aryans as energetic b arbaric warriors who overthrew a inactive or peaceable urban civilization. In the words of the archaeologist Mortimer Wheeler, the Indo-Aryan war God Indra stands accused of the devastation.Current thought does non give much acceptance to the position that the Indo-Aryans were responsible for the prostration of the Indus civilisation, or that white encroachers displaced or subordinated dark indigens. Centuries would go through before Cardinal Asiatic Indo-Aryans appeared in South Asia. Even so, there is no grounds an unclear Vedic mention notwithstanding that these peoples conquered a civilisation. The facts are these by the clip the Central Asiatic peoples arrived, the Indus civilisation had collapsed.What caused the prostration? It seems undeniable that a major factor was climatic alteration. In 2600 BC, the Indus Valley was verdant, forested, and pullulating with wildlife. It was wetter, excessively. Floods were a job and appear, on more than one juncture, to hold overwh elmed certain colonies. A point in fact Indus civilisation people supplemented their diet with hunting, a fact that is all but impossible when 1 considers today s dessicated, denuded environment. By 1800 BC, the clime is known to hold changed. It became significantly cooler and drier. But this fact wholly may non hold been sufficient to convey down the Indus civilisation.The important factor may hold been the disappearing of significant parts of the Ghaggar-Hakra river system. A tectonic event may hold diverted the system s beginnings toward the Ganges Plain, though there is some uncertainness about the day of the month of this event. Such a statement may look doubtful if one does non recognize that the passage between the Indus and Gangetic plains sums to a affair of inches, and is all but unperceivable. The part in which the river s Waterss once arose is known to be geologically active, and there is grounds of major tectonic events at the clip the Indus civilisation collapsed. Th e river s very being was unacknowledged until the late twentieth century, when geologists used satellite photographs to follow its former class through the Indus Valley. If the Ghaggar-Hakra river system dried-out up when the Indus civilisation was at its tallness, the effects would hold been lay waste toing. Refugees would hold flooded the other metropoliss. The critical mass needed for economic integrating would hold collapsed.The most likely account is that the causes were tenfold and, in their collection, ruinous. In the worsening old ages, Indus civilisation people tried to hang on to their old manner of life, but in the terminal, they gave up. By 1600 BC, the metropoliss were deserted. In the nineteenth century, British applied scientists discovered that the rich bricks found in the ruins in which they expressed no apparent wonder provided first-class natural stuffs for hale building. They proceeded to destruct much of the available archeological grounds.BequestThe r elationship between the Indus civilisation and the early Sanskrit linguistic communication civilization that produced the Vedic texts of Hindiism is ill-defined. It is perplexing that the most ancient Vedic texts unwritten traditions that were non written down until long after Central Asians had settled in the Gangetic Plain and intermingled with its autochthonal occupants speak of a beautiful river, the Sarasvati river. They bring back a thriving, Utopian life style that emerged along its Bankss. The texts besides seem to depict the sad record of the river s disappearing. Still, all the grounds suggests that the supposed writers of the earliest Vedas Indo-european migrators from Central Asia did non look until many centuries after the Indus civilisation s prostration.Are the ancient Vedic mentions to the Sarasviti River strictly fabulous? Did they refer to some other river? Did they refer to the Ghaggar-Hakra river? We are in the kingdom of speculation. To perplex affairs, this topic has been drawn into the struggle that divides India and Pakistan. Still, it is possible Vedic civilisation, originating centuries after the Indus civilisation s ruin, evolved in a duologue between Central Asian immigrants and autochthonal, small town peoples, who may hold recalled possibly mythologically the Indus civilisation s magnificence and its prostration.This reading squares with some of the grounds. The Aryan migrators who arrived in India centuries after the Indus civilisation s prostration were related to other peoples who migrated to the Middle East and atomic number 63 during the same period all these peoples brought with them a typical faith focused on the worship of a Sun God. In India, these beliefs shortly gave manner to a well more advanced and sophisticated ghostlike tradition, Hinduism, which looks to the most ancient Vedas as a beginning of legitimacy but departs from them philosophically in important ways. It is possible ( but however a affair of speculation ) that the Indus civilisation s bequest contributed to Hinduism s development. As several archeologists have noted, there is something indescribably Indian about the Indus vale civilisation. Judging from the superabundant statuettes picturing female birthrate that they left buttocks, Indus civilisation people like modern Hindus may hold held a particular topographic point in their worship for a female parent goddess and the life-affirming rules she represents ( see Shakti and Kali ) . Their seals depict animate beings in a manner that seems to propose fear, possibly boding Hindu strong beliefs sing the sacredness of cowss. Like Hindus today, Indus civilisation people seemed to hold placed a high value on bathing, personal cleanliness, and shacking with one s extended household.Possibly the most of import bequest of the Indus civilisation, if such a bequest exists, was its passive resistance. In amazing and dramatic contrast to other ancient civilisations, the arc heological record of the Indus civilisation provides small or no believable grounds of ground forcess, male monarchs, slaves, societal struggle, political subjugation, gross societal inequalities, prisons, and the other afflictions that we associate with civilisation. Make the Indus civilisation contribute in some manner to the construct of ahimsa ( passive resistance ) , one of the most of import of all Hindu beliefs? Possibly we will neer cognize. But we should retrieve the words of Mahatma Gandhi I have nil new to check the universe. Truth and non-violence are every bit old as the hills. External Mentionshypertext transfer protocol //www.harappa.com/ has descriptions and moving picture of archeological diggings.hypertext transfer protocol //www.safarmer.com/frontline/ shows how the Indus Valley Civilization has become combative in contemporary Indian political relations, giving a sum-up of present cognition.All Wikipedia text is available under the footings of the GNU resign Documentation LicenseAA Search EncyclopediaSearch over one million articles, happen something about about anythingATop of pissBottom of FormAA AA Featured Article1892 cosmonautics, and projectile applied scientist ( + 1929 ) . Ernest Brastins ? born in Latvia, spiritual leader ( Dievturiba ) Deaths January 31 Charles Spurgeon February 11