The development of information technology Essay Example for Free

The development of entropy technology EssayThe development of information technology presents attractive solution for businesses as they can develop and deliver unwrap services to customers. This condition happens as the results of easier and simpler purchasing scheme like using web-based application (e-commerce), connectivity to multi suppliers, and faster product delivery. In many industries like manufacturing and hospitality, the adoption of information technology is undoubtedly important.Dell, a well-known computer manufacturer, for example, enables customers to design their own personal computers, which influence how Dell manages the order with some suppliers to fulfil the customer needs. Similarly, BMW, a luxury automobile manufacturer also presents similar feature. The information suggests that customers demands are diverse and require special attention to manage them. Concerning the initiatives to satisfy customers, this paper testament elaborate discussion about the adoption of emerge chain logistic heed in business by selecting appropriate software applications that support logistics and contribute chain management.The three vendors that are examined are Oracle, SAP, and Microsoft. 1. Background Logistics refers to management of corporate operations that involve acquisitions, storages, moving, and delivery of goods within the cede chain. Any barrier in supply chain will result in the late delivery of goods or deferred services. The situation suggests that logistics management is critical part in a attach to that determines the companys success.Due to the importance of receiving raw material, processing, and delivering products the discussion of logistics management evolve into supply chain management (SCM) that provide benefits for the company including faster time-to-market, cut back costs, and allow all parties in the supply chain to better manage current resources and conception for future needs. Concerning the logistics issue, this paper will discuss about the plan to acquire support from key stakeholders at SaveWithUs and users for a fox to implement the application.The plan include information about who would be contacted, what information would be presented, and the lawsuit of support that would be sought. In addition, we will also describe about the chosen vendor, why the vendor was chosen, and a proposal to create a project to implement the application. 2. Design of Logistic and Supply Chain Management 2. 1 Needs Assessment and Support The basic need of establishing supply chain management is to change magnitude a company in managing process in order to ensure that the required materials and equipments are available when needed at the right time.Since supply chain management involves information technology, therefore, I would list some contacts that may support my implementation plan for supply chain management (SCM) software. The contacts are as following Table 1 Contacts and Type of Supports Contacts Reasons to Contact Type of Supports Managements (CEOs/managers) Decision makers Agreement on put investment on SCM software to improve supply chain management Purchasing Dept Purchasing staffs become key people that involve in the supply process Justification that SCM application will lessen their jobs in managing supplies and inventories

Explain How Products Are Developed Essay Example for Free

Explain How Products Are Developed Essay3.1.1 The product action cycle (PLC).The product life cycle is used for determining the lifespan of products and there are 4 sub stages of product introduction, growth, maturity and decline. From 2007 until now, Honda Air weathervane has become the most successful line of Hondas motorbike as well as on market. Since it was born, Honda Air Blade has achieved sales of more than 2 million products. This year, from April to the end of September, Honda Air Blade reaches to 274,563 products. (Zing, 2014) This motorbike has brought more profits and impacted strongly on revenue of company. Honda has had the success with this product line. But in the modern world, to be able to compete with the competitors, Honda needs to improve quality, style of products and consider market prices as well as competitors to make water a part product3.1.2. Branding and brand leadership.a. BrandingA brand is much bigger than just the corporate logo. The brand a ttributes are formed from the efforts of corporation in the process of marketing communication activities and the character of business. Therefore, corporation needs to have an appropriate strategy to release a good PR campaign to make them more attractive than the competitors. Honda has slogan The power of dreams, easily to remember and it has been very famous around the world.b. Brand leadershipThe first appearance of Honda in Vietnam is in 1996, until now has been through 18 years and they have always been one of the forefront in their industry. (Honda, 2014) But now, Vietnams market has Yamaha, the biggest rival of Honda and the competition amongst both will continue for a long time in the future. Consequently, Honda has to use and combine an ingenious of design, advertising, marketing, and corporate culture. It will help create brand attributes in the minds of the people and that this will bring

Ancient history Essay Example for Free

Ancient history EssayLebanon French Republique libanaise), is a country on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It is bordered by Syria to the north and east, and Israel to the south. Lebanons location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland has dictated its rich history, and shaped a ethnic identity of religious and ethnic diversity.8 The earliest evidence of civilization in Lebanon dates back more than 7,000 yearspredating recorded history. 9 Lebanon was the home of the Phoenicians, a maritime burnish that flourished for nearly 2,500 years (3000539 BC). Following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after World War I, the five provinces that comp enhance modern Lebanon were mandated to France. The French expanded the borders of depend on Lebanon, which was mostly populated by Maronite Catholics and Druze, to include more Muslims.Lebanon gained independence in 1943, and established a unique political system, known as confessionalism, a po wer-sharing appliance based on religious communities. French troops withdrew in 1946. Before the Lebanese Civil War (19751990), the country experienced a period of sex act calm and prosperity, driven by tourism, agriculture, and banking. 10 Because of its financial power and diversity, Lebanon was known in its heyday as the Switzerland of the East. 11 It attracted large meter of tourists,12 such that the capital Beirut was referred to as Paris of the Middle East. At the end of the war, there were extensive efforts to revive the economy and rebuild national infrastructure. 13 Until July 2006, Lebanon enjoyed considerable stability, Beiruts reconstruction was almost complete,14 and increasing numbers of tourists poured into the nations resorts. 12 Then, the month-long 2006 war between Israel and Hezbollah caused significant civilian death and heavy damage to Lebanons civil infrastructure. However, due to its tightly regulated financial system, Lebanese banks harbour largely avoide d the financial crisis of 20072010.In 2009, despite a global recession, Lebanon enjoyed 9% economic growth and hosted the largest number of tourists in its history. Etymology The name Lebanon comes from the Semitic root lbn, meaning white, likely a reference to the snow-capped Mount Lebanon. 15 Occurrences of the name have been found in texts from the library of Ebla,16 which date to the third millennium BC, nearly 70 times in the Hebrew Bible, and three of the twelve tablets of the Epic of Gilgamesh (perhaps as early as 2100 BC)17. The name is recorded in Ancient Egyptian as Rmnn, where R stood for Canaanite L. 18Ancient history Main article History of ancient Lebanon Evidence of the earliest known settlements in Lebanon was found in Byblos, which is considered to be one(a) of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world,9 and date back to earlier than 5000 BC. Archaeologists discovered remnants of prehistoric huts with crushed limestone floors, primitive weapons, and bu rial jars left by the Neolithic and Chalcolithic look for communities who lived on the shore of the Mediterranean Sea over 7,000 years ago. 19Lebanon was the homeland of the Phoenicians, a seafaring people that spread across the Mediterranean before the rise of Cyrus the Great. 20 After two centuries of Persian rule, Macedonian ruler Alexander the Great attacked and burned Tyre, the most prominent Phoenician city. Throughout the subsequent centuries leading up to recent times, the country became part of numerous succeeding empires, among them Persian, Assyrian, Hellenistic, Roman, Eastern Roman, Arab, Seljuk, Mamluk, Crusader, and the Ottoman Empire.

Modification of Power Series Expansion

Modification of Power Series ExpansionThe available methods to compute the lumberarithm of a number using digital circuits foundation be divided in two main groups. On the angiotensin-converting enzyme hand, we have the look-up table based algorithmic programic rules and, on the other, iterative methods. The first approach is prompt and straightforward, but only useful for low precision. For implementing it, requires large amount of memory for increasing the accuracy. This is due to the size of the look-up table. We only evaluated iterative algorithms that need small look-up tables. The split second group is delayer, but suitable for high precision. Taylors series expansion is among the most popular methods to manually compute logarithms, but it has a slow convergence and requires slow operations like the division. Hence, they are slow when no plant multipliers are available. Many studies explore hybrid performances that take advantages from both(prenominal) groups.Our proj ect required an algorithm that could be implemented on FPGAs from any vendor. It should be platform independent. Our algorithm requires less memory and no multiplier at all to implement abilityial post and logarithm function.To the best of our knowledge there are only two previous works focused on the exponentialfunction 8 9, and only one for the logarithm function 10 (from the aforesaid(prenominal) authors of 9).The first one 8, employs an algorithm that does non exploit the FPGA characteristics, andconsequently presents poor performance. The other two implementations 9, 10 are part ofa common work and are designed suiting with FPGA flexibility (using internal tailored fixedarithmetic and exploiting the parallelism features of the FPGA) achieving much better results.They are parameterizable implementations that, additionally to single f.p. format, also allowsmaller exponent and mantissa bit-widths and are both based on input range reduction andtable-driven methods to calculate the function in the reduced range. Our ex and ln x units,based on these units, include the following innovative featuresSingle precision f.p. arithmetic extension. 9, 10 were designed considering only normalized numbers, not denormalized. Additional logic has been introduced to handledenormalized numbers at the output of ex and the input of ln x. Redesign of units to deal only with single precision. The feature of bit-width config-urability of the base designs has been removed. Thus, the resources necessary have beenreduced because specific units, just for single precision, have been developed. Simplification of uninterrupted multiplications. As suggested in 9, conventional multipliershave been removed where the multiplications involved constant coecients, improvingperformance and reducing size. Unsigned arithmetic. In 9, 10 internal fixed arithmetic with sign is used. However,some operations (like the ones involving range reduction and calculation of the exponentfor the result in ex) are consecutive and related, and the sign of the result seat be inferredfrom the input sign. For such operations signed arithmetic has been replaced by unsignedarithmetic with the corresponding logic reduction. Improved pipelining. The speed is enhanced by systematically introducing pipelinestages to the datapath of the exponential and logarithm units and their subunitsThe paper 11 explains about the implementation of office staff and log function based on a simple modification of power series expansion of Taylor series. In power function implementation, the paper aims at reducing the exponent number to a smaller value. It requires a large amount of block ram and hardware multipliers as well. It becomes platform dependent and the measure frequency may vary from vendor to vendor. The degradation in throughput rate is due to the use of 18 X 18 embedded multipliers in it. The powering unit also requires more number of stages which may be reduced further.In the proposed method , we are going to reduce delay and improve the throughput rate by avoiding the embedded multipliers and block RAMs. In this paper, we are not completely avoid look up tables, but any value of logarithm or exponential stack be calculated, by adjusting the look up table values to the desired number8 C. C. Doss and R. L. Riley, FPGA-Based implementation of a robust IEEE-754 ex-ponential unit, in IEEE Field-Programmable Custom reckon Machines, 2004, pp.229238.9 J. Detrey and F. de Dinechin, A parameterized oating-point exponential function forFPGAs, in IEEE International Conference Field-Programmable Technology, 2005, pp.2734.10 , A parameterized oating-point logarithm operator for FPGAs, in Signals, Systems and Computers, 2005. Conference Record of the Thirty-Ninth Asilomar Conference,2005, pp. 11861190.11 Pedro Echeverra, Marisa Lopez-Vallejo,An FPGA Implementation of the Powering conk with Single Precision Floating-Point ArithmeticAn FPGA Implementation of the Powering Function wi th Single Precision Floating-Point ArithmeticPROPOSED METHODThe proposed method avoids multiplication and division operations, and is thus suitable for implementation in software on processors that lack such instructions (or where the instructions are slow) or in hardware on a programmable logic craft or dedicated chip. This method is suitable when shifters are available in abundant. It is an extension to the implementation of sine and cosine explained in CORDIC. The proposed algorithm evaluates the power functions for both positive and negative values. There are some constants by which it is easy to cover. For example, multiplying by 2n, where n is a positive or a negative integer, can be achieved by simply shifting a number by n places. The shift will be to the left (division) if n is positive, to the right (multiplication) if n is negative. It is nearly as easy to multiply by numbers of the form 2n1. These simply involve an add (or) subtract a shift.Implementation of EXP For im plementing y = exp(x). The algorithm is going to generate a sequence of values for x and y, and we are going to make sure that for each pairKExp(k)5.54522562.7726161.386340.693120.40553/20.22315/40.11789/80.060617/160.030833/320.015565/640.0078129/128y=exp(4)y=exp(4)exp(-(xk))=exp(4)exp(-x)exp(k)=yexp(k).In other words, if we subtractkfromx, we have to multiplyyby exp(k). All we have to do now is make sure that exp(k) is a courteous number, so we can multiply by it easily, and the rest is straightforward. Note thatkitself does not have to be nice, as we are only subtracting that, not multiplying by it. Here are some nice values of exp(k) and the corresponding (not necessarily nice) values ofk.The flow of algorithm is as follows for positive powers of xHere in each iteration, we subtract the input from the closest value of exp(k) as listed in the table. If the difference is negative, we multiply the output by the corresponding exp(k). The process continues withmore entities in our table of k, finally we get the result. In the same way the flow chart is mentioned for nagative powers of x.KExp(k)5.54522562.7726161.386340.693120.28773/40.13357/80.064515/160.031731/320.015763/640.0078127/1280.0039255/256The flow of algorithm is as follows for negative powers of xHere in each iteration, we subtract the input from the nearest value of exp(k) as listed in the table. If the difference is positive, we divide the output by the corresponding exp(k). The process continues withmore entities in our table of k, finally we get the result.Implementation of LOG For implementing Y=log (x), the procedure is similar to the implementation of exponential function

Proposed System for Plagiarism Detection

Proposed administration for Plagiarism DetectionChapter 3The Proposed System entranceThis chapter introduces ZPLAG as proposed arrangement, and its most important design issues be explained in details.It is very easy for the student to find the documents and magazines utilise advanced search engines, so the paradox of electronic thefts is no longer local or regional, but has become a global problem occurring in m some(prenominal) areas.Due to the Hugging of information, and correlational statistics networks, the discovery of electronic thefts is a difficult task, and the discovery of the thefts started in the Arabic language and the most difficult task no doubt.And in light of the ripening e-learning systems in the Arab countries, this requires special techniques to detect thefts electronic written in Arabic. And although it could use some search engines like Google, it is very difficult to copy and paste the sentences in the search engines to find these thefts.For this reason , it must be develop a good tool for the discovery of electronic thefts written Arabic language to protect e-learning systems, and to relieve and accelerate the learning process, where it can automatically detect electronic thefts automatically by this tool.This dissertation shows, ZPLAG, a system that works on the Internet to alter specialists to detect thefts of electronic texts in Arabic so it can be integrated with e-learning systems to ensure the safety of students and research papers and scientific theses of electronic thefts.The thesis also describes the major components of this system, including stage outfitted, and in the end we volition establish an experimental system on a set of documents and Arabic texts and compared the results obtained with some of the existing systems, particularly TurnItIn.The chapter is organized as follow section 3.2 presents an overview of the Arabic E-Learning, Section 3.3 presents and explains the General Overview of the Proposed System, S ection 3.4 explains in details the system architecture of the proposed system ZPLAG. Section 3.5 gives a summery for this chapter.General Overview of the Proposed System The proposed system consists of three different stagecoachs namely (1) Preparation phase, (2) Processing phase, and (3) Similarity detection phase. prognosticate 3.1 depicts the phases of the proposed system.Figure 3.1 Proposed system phasesPreparation Phases this phase is responsible for collecting and prepares the documents for the next phase. It consists of five mental facultys text editor module, plosive language module, validation spell out module, check grammar module, and Sentences analysis module. textbook editor module allows the user to input a text or upload a text file in document format, these files can be processed in the next phase.The check language module is responsible for checking the input file written language, If it is an Arabic language then use Arabic process, or slope language then u se English process.The check spelling module use to check the countersigns are written settle or there is some misspelling.This phase consists of three modules explained as followsTokenization break up the input text as some token .SWR remove the viridity countersigns that appear in the text but carry little signification.Rooting is the process of removing (prefixes, infixes, or/and suffixes) from words to get the roots or stems of this word reliever of Synonym words are converted to their synonyms.Similarity detection Phases It is consists of three modules Fingerprinting, documents design and similarity detection, this phase discussed as follows To calculate fingerprints of any document, root cut up the text into diminished pieces called chunks, the chunking rule that responsible for cutting up the text will be determined 12. A social unit of chunk could be a sentence or a word. In case of chunking using sentences called sentence- ground, the document can be cutted into s mall chunks based on C parameter. For example, a document containing sentences ds1 ds2 ds3 ds4 ds5, if C=3 then the calculated chunks will be ds1 ds2 ds3, ds2 ds3 ds4, ds3 ds4 ds5. For example, a document containing words dw1 dw2 dw3 dw4 dw5, if C=3 then the calculated chunks will be dw1 dw2 dw3, dw2 dw3 dw4, dw3 dw4 dw5. The chunking using Word gives higher precision in similarity detection than the chunking sentence.The Architecture pf Proposed SystemThe following properties should be satisfied by any system detecting plagiarism in natural languageInsensitivity to small matches.Insensitivity to punctuation, capitalization, etceteraInsensitivity to permutations of the document content.The system briny architecture of ZPLAG is illustrated in Figur1.Preparation text editor, check language, check spelling, and check grammar.Preprocess synonym replacement, tokenization, rooting, and stop-word removal.Fingerprinting the use of n-gram, where the user choses the parameter n.Document repr esentation for each document, create a document tree structure that describes its internal representation.Selection of a similarity use of a similarity metric to find the longest match of two hash strings.As mentioned in the previous section, the system architecture break fell contains three main phases. Each phase will be composed to a set of modules in terms of system functionality. The following section contains the description of each phase and its modules in details.3.4.1 The Preparation PhaseThe main task of this phase is to prepare the data for the next phase. It consists of text editor module, check language module, check spelling module and check grammars module.3.4.1.1. Text editor mental facultyFigure 3.2, illustrates text editor module. The users of the text editor module are faculty members and students, where the users need a text area to upload their files, so the brows helps for file path to make it easy for the users, subsequently that check file format is very im portant , because the serve well upload files with doc or docx format, then after the user upload the file , the text editor module save the file in the database.Figure 3.2 text editor module3.4.1.2 let out Language mental facultyThe raw text of the document is treated separately as well. In order to chicken out terms from text, classic Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques are applied as. Figure 3.3 illustrates Check Language module and its functions from the system database, whereas all the files are stored, the check language module bring the file and tape it, then check for language either Arabic , English or combo (both Arabic and English), After that mark the document with its written language and save the file again in the system database.Figure 3.3 check language module3.4.1.3 Check recite ModuleFigure 3.4 illustrates Check spelling module and its functions after bringing the document from the system database, whereas all the files are stored, the check spelling module read the file, and use the web spelling checker, then the check spelling module make all the possible replacements for the words in false spelling check , After that save the file again in the system database.Figure 3.4 check spelling module3.4.1.4 Check Grammars ModuleFor English documents, Figure 3.5 illustrates Check grammar module and its functions after bringing the document from the system database, whereas all the files are stored, the check grammar module read the file, and use the web grammar checker, After that the check grammar module mark the sentences with the suitable grammar mark and save the file again in the system database.Figure 3.5 check grammar module3.4.2 The processing Phase3.4.2.1 The Tokenization ModuleIn the Tokenization module after bringing the document from the system database, whereas all the files are stored, the Tokenization module read the file, and brake down the file into paragraphs, after that brake down the paragraphs into sentences, the n brake down the sentence into words. After that save the file again in the system database.3.4.2.2 The Stop Words Removal and Rooting ModuleThe raw text of the document is treated separately as well. In order to extract terms from text, classic Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques are applied as. Figure 3.6 illustrates Stop Words Removal and rooting module and its functionsFigure 3.6 SWR and Rooting moduleSWR Common stop words in English include a, an, the, in, of, on, are, be, if, into, which etc. Whereas stop words in Arabic include , , , , etc. These words do not provide a significant meaning to the documents . Therefore, they should be removed in order to reduce noise and to reduce the computation time.Word Stemming it will be changed into the words basic form.3.4.2.3 Replacement of SynonymReplacement of Synonym It may help to detect advanced forms of hidden plagiarism. The first synonym in the list of synonyms of a given word is considered as the most frequent one .3.4.3 The Similarity Detection Phase3.4.3.1 The Fingerprinting ModuleIt is consists of three modules Fingerprinting, documents representation and similarity detection, this phase discussed as follows To calculate fingerprints of any document, first cut up the text into small pieces called chunks, the chunking method that responsible for cutting up the text will be determined 12. A unit of chunk could be a sentence or a word. In case of chunking using sentences called sentence-based, the document can be cutted into small chunks based on C parameter. For example, a document containing sentences ds1 ds2 ds3 ds4 ds5, if C=3 then the calculated chunks will be ds1 ds2 ds3, ds2 ds3 ds4, ds3 ds4 ds5. In case of chunking using word called a word-based chunking, the document is cutted into small chunks based on C parameter. For example, a document containing words dw1 dw2 dw3 dw4 dw5, if C=3 then the calculated chunks will be dw1 dw2 dw3, dw2 dw3 dw4, dw3 dw4 dw5. The chunking using Word giv es higher precision in similarity detection than the chunking sentence. ZPLAG is based on a word-based chunking method in every sentence of a document, words are first chunked and then use a hash function for hashing.3.4.3.2 The Document Representation ModuleDocument representation for each document, create a document tree structure that describes its internal representation.3.4.3.3 The Similarity Detection ModuleA tree representation is created for each document to describe its logical structure. The root represents the document itself, the second level represents the paragraphs, and the leaf nodes contain the sentences.SummaryBeing a growing problem, The electronic thefts is generally known as plagiarism and dishonesty academic and they constitute a growing phenomenon, It should be known that way to prevent its spread and protect the ethical principles that control the academic environments, with easy access to information on the World Wide Web and the large number of digital lib raries, electronic thefts get become one of the most important issues that plague universities and scientific centers and research.This chapter presented in detailed description of the proposed system for plagiarism detection in electronic resources and its phases and its functions.

Russias Role in World War One

Russias Role in World War OneRyan BaccusRussia played a strong role in ww1 Until the treaty of Brest-litovsk removed the from ww1 and allowed them to focal point on the russian revolution. WW1 affected russia in more ways than one. The Russian empires many ethnic minorities grew increasingly restive under Russian domination. But it was the governments incompetent prosecution of World War I that finally provided the challenge the old regime could not meet. .Russias civic wars were affected by foreign troops The civil war was complicated by Allied intervention in Russia. British, French, and American forces occupied (Mar., 1918) Murmansk and later Arkhangelsk with the stated purpose of protecting Allied stores ( Research in Context.com ) Almost 15 million served in the Russian Army during the First World War. Casualties totalled an estimated 1.8 million killed, 2.8 million wounded and 2.4 million taken prisoner.The Russian novelty eliminated Russia as an effective participant in the war, Although the Austro-Hungarians were unsuccessful in their attacks on Serbia and Montenegro in the low year of the war. Russia ordered a general mobilization of its armies. The conterminous day Germany sent the tsar an ultimatum threatening war if Russia didnt stop the mobilization within twenty-four hours. When Russia refused, on August 1, Germany declared war on Russia. Germany followed this up with an invasion of Belgium. (Research in Context.com)When World War I broke out in 1914, most elements of Russia (except the Bolsheviks) united in supporting the war effort. However, the repeated armed services reverses, the acute food shortages, the appointment of inept ministers, and the intense suffering of the civilian population created a revolutionary climate by the end of 1916.The first worthless Russia launched was in August 1914, against Germany in East Prussia. The Russian First Army (commanded by Rennenkampf) aimed straight into the heart of East Prussia (held by the Ger man Eighth Army), succession the Russian Second Army (commanded by Samsonov) aimed to cut off the Eighth armys line of retreat. Once Eastern Prussia was Scure, the Russian Ministry of War planned to march on Berlin.On the outbreak of the First World War General Alexander Samsonov was given command of the Russian Second Army for the invasion of East Prussia. He advanced slowly into the south western corner of the province with the intention of linking up with General Paul von Rennenkampf advancing from the north east.The first offensive Russia launched was in August 1914, against Germany in East Prussia. The Russian First Army (commanded by Rennenkampf) aimed straight into the heart of East Prussia (held by the German Eighth Army), while the Russian Second Army (commanded by Samsonov) aimed to cut off the Eighth armys line of retreat. Once Eastern Prussia was Scure, the Russian Ministry of War planned to march on Berlin.Russia entered the first world war with the largest army in the world, standing at 1,400,000 soldiers when fully mobilized the Russian army expanded to over 5,000,000 soldiers (though at the outset of war Russia could not arm all its soldiers, having a supply of 4.6 million rifles).Treaty of (brst-ltfsk), separate peace treaty in World War I, signed by Soviet Russia and the Central Powers, Mar. 3, 1918, at Brest-Litovsk (now Brest , Belarus)..After the separate armistice of Dec. 5, 1917, long, bitter negotiations were conducted by Leon Trotsky for Russia, Richard von Khlmann for Germany, and Count Ottokar Czernin for Austria-Hungary (the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria were also represented).On marching music 3, 1918, in the city of Brest-Litovsk, located in modern-day Belarus near the Polish border, Russia signed a treaty with the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria) ending its participation in World War I (1914-18).With the November 11, 1918, armistice ending World War I and marking the Allies victory over Germany, the treaty was annulled. By the basis of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles, Germany was forced to give up its territorial gains from the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.After the separate armistice of Dec. 5, 1917, long, bitter negotiations were conducted by Leon Trotsky for Russia, Richard von Khlmann for Germany, and Count Ottokar Czernin for Austria-Hungary (the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria were also represented). Trotsky at one point suspended negotiations, but Germany resumed warfare and the Soviets-on the insistence of Lenin-accepted the GermanWorks CitedBrest-Litovsk, Treaty of. The capital of South Carolina Electronic Encyclopedia. invigorated York Columbia UP, 2017. N. pag. Research in Context. Web. 17 Feb. 2017.Gottfried, Tod. Chapter Six Mother Russias Dying Sons.. Road to Communism. US Lerner Group, 2002. 67. taradiddle Reference Center. Web. 16 Feb. 2017. ISBN 9780761325574 Lexile Rank 940 Source of info R Full Text Available 9150105 The chapter describes the involvement of Ru ssia in World War I. The saber rattling of Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany, who made no secret of his schemes for military conquest, had draw up Great Britain, France and Russia on alert for at least seven years preceding the outbreak of war. In September 1914, with the war barely a month old, a Russian army had tried to invade Prussia, Germany and suffered a major defeat at the Battle of Tannenberg and lost 100,000 soldiers.History Today 58.3 (2008) 12. History Reference Center. Web.History.com Staff. Treaties of Brest-Litovsk. History.com. AE Television Networks, 2009. Web. 01 Mar. 2017.(emailprotected), John Simkin. Spartacus Educational. Spartacus Educational. Spartacus Educational, n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2017.Russian Revolution. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. New York Columbia UP, 2017. N. pag. Research in Context. Web. 17 Feb. 2017.Russian Revolution. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. New York Columbia UP, 2017. N. pag. Research in Context. Web. 7 Feb. 2017.Russian Revolutio n of 1917. Britannica School, Encyclopdia Britannica, 26 Oct. 2011. school.eb.com/levels/ racy/article/Russian-Revolution-of-1917/64488. Accessed 27 Feb. 2017.Russia. Britannica School, Encyclopdia Britannica, 19 Aug. 2016. school.eb.com/levels/high/article/109504. Accessed 30 Jan. 2017.Smele, Jonathan, DR. BBC History World Wars War and Revolution in Russia 1914 1921. BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2017.Solntseva, Svetlana A. Russian Studies in History 51.4 (2013) 50-73. History Reference Center. Web.Solntseva, Svetlana A. Russian Studies in History 51.4 (2013) 50-73. History Reference Center. Web.Vladimir Lenin. UXL Biographies. Detroit UXL, 2011. N. pag. Research in Context. Web. 16 Feb. 2017.World War I. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. New York Columbia UP, 2017. N. pag. Research in Context. Web. 7 Feb. 2017.World War I. Britannica School, Encyclopdia Britannica, 9 Dec. 2016. school.eb.com/levels/high/article/World-War-I/110198. Accessed 27 Feb. 2017.WWI Russia. Glos sary of Events WWI Russia. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Mar. 2017.

Character of Beloved in Toni Morrisons Beloved Essay -- Toni Morrison

The Character of Beloved in Toni Morrisons BelovedPerhaps one of the most important issues in Toni Morrisons award-winning novel Beloved is Morrisons intentional diversity of possible interpretations. However the text is looked at and analyzed, it is the variety of these multiple meanings that confounds any simple interpretation and gives the novel the complexity. The regard rages on over many topics, but one issue of central and basic importance to the understanding of the novel is defining the different possibilities for interpreting the title of respect character. As Robert Broad recognizes, the question, Who the hell is Beloved? must haunt the reader of the novel, and the reader must come to some basic understanding of her character to regard the difficult stream of consciousness sections (Broad 189). But there may be no basic understanding available of Beloved, for she is a character that ostensibly refuses any single identity, either literal or symbolic. The critical debate on the topic is no more conclusive, and there is a sharp divide in the interpretations of the very nature of Beloved. Deborah Horvitz was one of the first to write on Beloved, and in 1989 she set the stage for much of the later criticism by assuming the superhuman origins of Beloved. Her essay Nameless Ghosts Possession and Dispossession in Beloved extended Sethes realization that Beloved is her dead daughter to include also the Sixty million and more of the dedication (Morrison vi). Beloved is all Afri enkindle women who have died in the middle passage, and the families of those taken, and Sethes mother. She returns for several reasons, some positive, some not. She is memory made corporeal, and it is through her that Sethe can first rememb... ...n Contemporary Fiction. New York Oxford University Press, 1999. 127-157.Horvitz, Deborah. Nameless Ghosts Possession and Dispossession in Beloved. Toni Morrison Beloved. Ed. Carl Plasa. capital of South Carolina Critical Guides. New Yor k Columbia University Press, 1998. 59-66.House, Elizabeth B. Toni Morrisons Ghost The Beloved Who is Not Beloved. Toni Morrison Beloved. Ed. Carl Plasa. Columbia Critical Guides. New York Columbia University Press, 1998. 66-71.Mbalia, Doreatha D. Toni Morrisons Developing Class Consciousness. Selinsgrove Associated University Presses, 1991.Morrison, Toni. Beloved. New York Plume, 1988.OED Online. http//dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/00241438. Oxford University Press, 2001.Osagie, Ilyunolu. Is Morrison Also Among the Prophets? Psychoanalytic Strategies in Beloved. African American Review. 28.3 (1994) 423-440.